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THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

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Presentation on theme: "THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION"— Presentation transcript:

1 THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
CHAPTER TWO THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

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3 CHAPTER TWO QUIZ

4 The Agricultural revolution
Occurred between 12,000-4,000 years ago, independently, across the world the Fertile Crescent Mesoamerica Sub-Saharan Africa China New Guinea the Andes eastern North America

5 Why did the Agricultural Revolution occur after 10,000 BCE?
Human migration into new regions of the world Extinction of large mammals (why?)=need to find new food sources End of the last ice age Climate Change!

6 So what? How did climate change affect the development of agriculture worldwide? Warmer, wetter, more stable conditions Helped cereal grasses grow Ancestors of wheat, barley, other grains

7 Next steps… Favorable conditions allowed agriculture to happen, but didn’t cause it Hunter-gatherers began settling down, becoming more sedentary as climate improved Settled near resource-rich marshes, rivers, etc. Led to a population increase and greater strain on food resources Need to create more food Only then was agriculture developed in various places

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9 Fertile CRESCENT Present-day Middle East, first to develop agriculture
Why there? Mini climate shift threatened the larger settled populations, leading to domestication Shifted to agriculture within 500 years, as evidenced by growing and shifting settlements Domesticated wheat, barley, lentils, sheep, pigs, etc.

10 Saharan Africa Cattle were domesticated in the present-day Sahara
The Sahara was a grassland until 5000 years ago Animal domestication came before plant domestication here, unlike elsewhere

11 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Scattered and independent farming practices developed, dependent on region Ethiopia: Teff (nutritious grain) West Africa: Yams, okra, kola nut Not as expansive or productive as Fertile Crescent

12 Americas Few large domesticated animals (only llama/alpaca) Less meat than elsewhere Less animal power for farming than elsewhere No cereal grains Only maize/corn Developed from grain called teosinte Genetically selected over long period Less nutritious than Fertile Crescent foods, so transition away from hunter-gatherer took longer Food developments spread less in Americas due to wide climate differences when moving North/South

13 Discuss whether we can use modern-day genetic technology to make historical discoveries What does genetics tell us about the development of corn/maize, and of agriculture more generally

14 How did farming develop?
Diffusion: Spread of techniques/crops/animals without the spread of agricultural people Colonization/Migration: As farmers spread out, they absorbed/conquered/displaced hunter-gatherer groups Language spread with agriculture Indo-European language family spread as Middle Eastern agriculture spread

15 Spread of agriculture Bantu Migration: Over millennia, the Bantu-speaking people of Nigeria migrated into Central and Southern Africa Displaced, absorbed, or killed hunter-gatherers Similar process for Austronesian people as they migrated into SE Asia The hunter-gatherers had… No resistance to animal-borne disease Less resources

16 What makes it revolutionary?
Population explosion (6 million to 250 million in years) Diminished life expectancy, exposure to animal diseases, susceptible to famine Large settled communities New technological innovations Weaving Metallurgy Irrigation Secondary Products Revolution: Uses for domesticated animals—skin, fur, milk, eggs As well as for riding and labor (not in Americas)

17 Agricultural revolution and society

18 Pastoral Societies Herders/pastoralists/nomads
Tended to domesticated animals Known as “animal husbandry” Tended to be in areas where agriculture was difficult Steppes of Central Asia Sahara Arabian Peninsula Parts of Africa NOT in the Americas!

19 Pastoralists vs. farmers
Often a relationship of conflict Attraction to wealth and resources of agrarian societies Such as their crops—good for grazing! Also a relationship of mutual exchange—ideas, technologies, products, people, etc.

20 Agricultural Village societies
We will look into bigger civilizations next week Agriculture required settlement (be near your crops) Banpo: Northern China, 45 houses that were home to 500 people, farmed rice, millet, chickens, pigs Found decorated pots and vases Catalhuyuk: Southern Turkey, built dirt homes on top of homes, population of several thousand Cahokia: Missouri circa 1100 C.E., large earthen mounds, chief-based society Political systems differed: Lineage-based, Chief-based, etc.

21 CREATE A POSTER Your poster should advertise to hunter-gatherer groups why they should join your society (Advantages of Agriculture) Choose an actual region of the world where agr. developed You should also provide a few disclaimers/warnings about why joining the society may not be advantageous to them Explain # of people, types of crops, customs/laws, political organization, gender/class equality, etc. Include at least one illustration of your society (village layout, crops, etc.) Use the book sources and printed sources for help! (pg. 64, 66, 77)

22 The Agricultural Revolution!

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