1. Speech (and Informal Essay) Structures

2. How to organize what you will say...
INTRODUCTION - catchy and topical BODY - arguments and evidence CONCLUSION - memorable and motivating

3. INTRODUCTION Goals: - Get the attention and interest of your audience
- set the tone (i.e. empowering, sarcastic, etc.)
- reveal the topic
- establish credibility (ethos) and good will (pathos)
- preview the speech
↘no need to be explicit like an essay

4. Attention-getters
narrative       
humor
quotation
rhetorical question    
startling statement    
arouse curiosity
reference to audience, occasion, or current events, previous speech

5. Need
Create desire on the part of the audience to listen. Answer the questions:
“Why should I care?” and
“How does this topic relate to me?” 
Show the scope of the issue, the degree of importance, and the ramifications.

6. BODY
3-5 main points
Choose your organizational pattern based on the topic and your approach.
State your main ideas as complete sentences and a single idea.
Parallel the main ideas grammatically if possible.
Your audience should be able to recognize and remember your main points.

7. Factors of attention, understanding and remembering
tone (humour, sarcasm, etc.)
Magnitude and relevance   
Passion and intensity
Repetition and emphasis       
Novelty, innovation, creativity           
compare/contrast      
narratives and anecdotes     
Examples, descriptions and illustrations
rhetorical devices

8. Support
Use a variety of support (facts/statistics, testimony, examples), picked for your particular audience.
Make sure each point is developed completely before going on to the next.
If needed, summarize the point before making a transition to the next point.

9. CONCLUSION Summarize Close with impact Return to opening theme
quotation        
narrative       
appeal to action
Return to opening theme

10. Types of organization patterns
Persuasive
Chronological
Spatial   
Cause and Effect or Problem/(Cause)/Solution      
Comparative Advantages          
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

11. Persuasive Structures
Discovery Structure
Text leads the audience towards a thesis or realization
Supportive Structure (Formal Essay)
Asserts thesis at onset and supports it throughout the text
*Exploratory (can be supportive or discovery)
- addresses pros and cons
- allows audience to decide what they believe and how to act
Introduction
Arguments
Thesis
Conclusion
Arguments
Thesis

12. Chronological Past event(s) Current issue(s) Future plan(s)
Moves through a narrative time sequence
Past event(s)
Current issue(s)
Future plan(s)

13. Spatial Describes a person, place, thing or issue 3 dimensionally
arranges the details of your essay by describing the item from top to bottom, left to right, inside out, outside in, most prominent part to least, least prominent to most, etc.

14. Tree Food Chain Literature Short Stories Novels Plays Non-Fiction Owl
Leaves
Trunk
Flowers
Roots
Literature
Short Stories
Novels
Plays
Non-Fiction
Food Chain
Owl
Snake
Mouse
Seeds

15. Cause and Effect Problem/(Cause)/Solution
Root of the Problem Causes, origins, blame, evidence
Effect Specific illustrations of effects the problem has on people/society, situation, conditions
Proposes a method(s) of resolution Pledges, actions, outcomes

16. Comparative Advantage
Introduces a problem
References opposition’s resolution plan Acknowledges parts of opposition that are valid, explains disadvantages
Introduces New Resolution Plan and its Advantages Examples, illustrations, evidence

17. Monroe's Motivated Sequence
Attention - Catchy opening
Need - Address problem
- Convince your audience that they each have a personal need to take action.
Satisfaction - Provide specific and viable solutions that individuals or communities can implement to solve the problem.
Action - Tell the audience what action they can take personally to solve the problem.
Visualization - Tell the audience what will happen if the solution is implemented or does not take place. Be visual and detailed.

18. POINTS TO REMEMBER Always open with something catchy
Choose an organizational structure that matches your exigence and purpose
Conclude with something memorable