1. Age of Reform

2. Second Great Awakening
Revival of religious movements… s
Individual responsibility for seeking salvation
People could improve themselves and society
Sparked a nationwide wave of reform movements

3. Revival Movements:

4. The Second Great Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Education
Abolitionism
Asylum & Penal Reform
Women’s Rights

5. Abolitionist Movement

6. American Colonization Society
1816  created gradual, voluntary emancipation
Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa.
British Colonization Society symbol

7. Abolitionist Movement
No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.
Gradualists
Immediatists

8. Anti-Slavery Arguments
Morally wrong
Violated ethics of the Bible
Resulted in inhuman treatment of slaves
Degraded slave owners
Violated democracy

9. Pro-Slavery Arguments
Always existed and the economic basis for the great civilizations such as Greece and Rome
Sanctioned by the Bible
Assured continued cotton production and southern prosperity
Provided better life than in Africa
Provided more security than the North granted its free factory workers

10. William Lloyd Garrison
Radical white abolitionist
Owned newspaper-The Liberator
Called for immediate emancipation
Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue.

11. Frederick Douglass Former slave
Taught to read and write by the wife of his slave owner
Realized that knowledge was “pathway from slavery to freedom”
1838… escapes to New York
Sponsored by Garrison as a lecturer… thrilled audiences
Founded his own newspaper… The North Star

12. David Walker 1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

13. Sojourner Truth
Slave for the first 30 years of her life… Isabella Baumfree
Decided to travel through the country preaching for abolition
She made a profound impression wherever she went with her forceful rhetoric and moving tales of slavery
Supported herself by selling copies of her autobiography, Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave (1850)

14. Underground Railroad
Informal network of abolitionists (mostly free African-Americans in the North)
Guided fugitive slaves to the North and across the Canadian border
Conductors like Harriet Tubman helped slaves to elude capture by hiding them at safe houses and other secret places, known as stations on the railroad.

15. Underground Railroad

16. Underground Railroad : Video

17. Women and Reform

18. “Separate Spheres” Concept
“Cult of Domesticity”
A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside)
Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family.
An 1830s MA minister:
The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

19. Early 1800s Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor.
Single  could own her own property.
Married  no control over her property or her children.
Could not initiate divorce.
Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

20. Reforms Sought by Women
Temperance movement
The effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol
Abolition of slavery
Improved conditions in prison
Reform prostitutes and promote abstinence before marriage

21. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

22. 1826 - American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Temperance Movement
American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
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23. “The Drunkard’s Progress”
From the first glass to the grave, 1846

24. Social Reform  Prostitution: The “Fallen Woman”
Sarah Ingraham
( )
1835  Advocate of Moral Reform
Female Moral Reform Society focused on the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls.
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25. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Women’s Rights
1840  split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.
London  World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

26. Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first women’s rights convention
“Declaration of Sentiments”
Detailed statement of grievances modeled after the Declaration of Independence
Right to vote
Equal wages
Equal custody of children

27. Prison/ Hospital Reform
Dorothea Dix
( )
1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY

28. Religious Training  Secular Education
Educational Reform
Religious Training  Secular Education
MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

29. Horace Mann “Father of American Education”
children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials
children should be “molded” into a state of perfection
discouraged corporal punishment
established state teacher-training programs

30. Transcendentalism

31. The Transcendentalist Philosophy
A philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination
Began as a protest against the general state of culture and society at the time

32. The Transcendentalist Agenda
Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.

33. Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) “The American Scholar” (1837)
Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
Henry David
Thoreau
Nature (1832)
Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
Walden (1854)
“The American Scholar” (1837)
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34. Utopian Communities