1. Session 5 Ensuring sustainability in Faecal Sludge Management
Training Programme on
“Water Supply, Sewerage
and Septage Management and Drainage”
6 – 7 December 2016
Venue: RCUES, Lucknow

2. Sanitation Situation - 2011
49.9%
5.18%
12.74%
21.7%
3.8%
Domestic Environment
Receiving Waters
Agriculture field
93.3%
50%
OD / Open Discharge
Un-Safely Emptied (5.18%)
6.7%
Containment
Emptying
Transport
Treatment
Reuse/
Disposal
1.4%
0.09%
Centralized System (11.9%)
Decentralized systems (2%)
Legally dumped (9.3%)
Effectively Treated (1.4%)
Not Effectively Treated (3.08%)
13.9% WC
36.18%
On-Site Facility
Safely Emptied (31%)
Safely Abandoned (0.09%)
Leakage includes DEWATS
(3.6%+ 0.2%)
Illegally dumped (21.7%)
5.2%
Not Effectively Treated (9.21%)
Not Effectively
Treated (0.45%)
Effectively Treated (5.2%)

3. Sanitation Situation - 2025
23% 3%
29.73%
19.2%
5.6%
Domestic Environment
Receiving Waters
Agriculture field
80.33%
OD / Open Discharge
Un-Safely Emptied (3%)
19.48%
Containment
Emptying
Transport
Treatment
Reuse/
Disposal
4.6%
2.88%
Centralized System (20%)
Decentralized systems (6%)
Legally dumped (28.8%)
Effectively Treated (4.6%)
Not Effectively Treated (3%)
26% WC
51%
On-Site Facility
Safely Emptied (48%)
Safely Abandoned (2.88%)
Leakage includes DEWATS (5%+0.6%)
Illegally dumped (19.2%)
12%
Not Effectively Treated (25.92%)
Not Effectively
Treated (0.81%)
Effectively Treated (12%)

4. FSM POLICY

5. Sanitation Value Chain Cross cutting parameters
COMPONENTS OF FSM POLICY
Adherence to standards across all segments of the value chain
Sanitation Value Chain
Cross cutting parameters
Desludgers
Mounted Tractors
Vacuum Trucks
Carts/Vacutugs
Land Application
Co-treatment at STP
Co-composting with solid waste
Soil conditioner
Energy production
Ashes
To safely address each of the stages in the sanitation value chain starting from:
Design of the containment units
Collection from the containment units
Transportation of fecal sludge
Treatment of fecal sludge
Stipulating and adherence of disposal standards in managing of faecal sludge/septage
To encourage and promote increased reuse of faecal sludge/septage as environmentally safe, organic fertilizers and soil conditioners
Infographic Source: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

6. Essential elements for the FSM Policy to address
A policy essentially needs to capture and address the following essential elements of the strategic space
The Actors
The Rules of the game
The Processes set into motion within those rules.
1. Aligica, Paul Dragos (2006); Institutional and Stakeholder Mapping: Frameworks for Policy Analysis and Institutional Change; Springer; Public Organiz Review

7. Policies & Institutional Framework Implementation Mechanism
Need for Policy
Lack of focus on DSI
Focus on sewage discharge and maintenance
ULBs have discretionary powers for design/construction aspects; but no practical reference available for the same on ground
Acts
Emphasis mainly on centralized sewered systems.
Absence of operative guidelines for Decentralised systems a major backlog to achieve required results
Multiplicity of institutions in the sector to anchor FSM responsibility
Policies & Institutional Framework
Capacity constraints in institutional framework
Poor tendering and monitoring/regulation standards
Functional Fragmentation in responsibilities
Lack of clarity on roles and responsibilities
Large unorganized market making regulation difficult
Implementation Mechanism
Acts
The various Acts pertaining to the sanitation sector do not explicitly cover DSI as a mainstream service
The focus is mainly on discharge of sewage and maintenance of sewers
Acts empower the ULBs to formulate local by-laws for design/construction aspects, however no practical reference available for the same on ground
Policies & Institutional Framework
Emphasis is mainly on centralized sewered systems. There is minimalistic reference given to decentralized sanitation systems
In the absence of standard comprehensive guidelines, it is practically not feasible to achieve the required results
Implementation Mechanism
Capacity constraints in the current institutional framework coupled with poorly drafted contractual documents is resulting in poor monitoring and regulation of the services
Overlap in responsibilities between various agencies.
Large unorganized market making regulation difficult

8. Policy Implementation case study
Devanahalli FSM policy implementation

9. 1 User Interface Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes
Activity to be undertaken by ULB
Timeframe
Means of Verification
Survey and Inventory of sanitation systems
Database
Conduct survey of sanitation systems
Record data and update
1 year
Records and Registers of the ULBs
Ensure all toilets are sanitary
Identify insanitary latrines and ensure conversion to sanitary latrines for safe collection and disposal of waste
6 months
Record of all insanitary latrines and progress of conversion

10. 2 Collection & Storage Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes
Activity to be undertaken by ULB
Timeframe
Means of Verification
Design and Construction of Septic Tanks/Pit Latrines
Ensure that approved design is submitted for building plan approval
All new Pits/Septic Tanks are of approved design
6 months
Record of all Septic Tanks/Pits at ULBs
Issue notice under KMA, 1964 to HHs where septic tank/pit latrine is a public nuisance by way of overflows, leakage or stench

11. 3 Conveyance * Fees according to market dynamics, defined range
Key elements of FSM
Objectives and Outcomes
Activity to be undertaken by ULB
Timeframe
Means of Verification
Septage Transportation
Safe transportation of septage/faecal sludge by transporters
Transporters to have permits in vacuum trucks
Safety gear for all staff
Call for Expression of Interest.
Grant permits (valid for a year) for transporting sewage on rate contract basis
Certificate of fitness for the vehicles (to be checked every year)
Trucks to prominently display their registration with the ULBs
Payments * to be made directly to the Transporter
The ULBs must maintain a record of vacuum trucks
Ensure appropriate vacuum trucks
Ensure staff are equipped with safety gear and other protective equipment
1 month
Tender details
Details of selected septage/faecal sludge transporters to be maintained
Vehicle details to be maintained at ULBs
* Fees according to market dynamics, defined range

12. 4 Treatment Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes
Activity to be undertaken by ULB
Timeframe
Means of Verification
Treatment and Final Disposal
Ensure safe treatment of septage/FS
As a first preference the septage/faecal sludge must be discharged on agricultural/horticultural fields of farmers having recognized composting facilities.
3 months
The service providers’ manifest will give the details of the location of dumping of the septage/faecal sludge
ULBs to check these facilities every 6 months

13. 5 Reuse/Disposal Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes
Activity to be undertaken by ULB
Timeframe
Means of Verification
Septage/sludge reuse
Ensure that treated sludge is reused as soil conditioner
Adheres to MSW compost quality
Follows WHO (2006) reuse guidelines
The ULBs must engage with agricultural science universities to conduct routine checks on the quality of compost produced as an end-product of the septage/sludge treatment process
1 month
Records of compost quality to be maintained at site by third party, agricultural science universities- and ULBs.

14. IEC Key elements of FSM Objectives and Outcomes
Activity to be undertaken by ULB
Timeframe
Means of Verification
IEC Activity
All stakeholders (residents, civic bodies, personnel handling septage/FS, municipal officials), farmers to be given awareness and periodical training on safe and best practices in septage/faecal sludge management
Ensure one training session every 3 months for ULB staff
Monthly engagement with RWA
Sensitization of public
Orientation of transporters
1 year
Certification by the DMA
 Photographs and Videos of the campaign
 Photographs and Videos of the orientation sessions

15. WHY FSM PLANNING ?
All Onsite technologies, which are connected to centralised sewer systems are taken care of
A city grows along with urbanization; even if the city is connected to a centralised sewer system, there will be onsite systems on the peri urban areas not connected to sewer systems
FS if not treated and managed properly, results in it’s accumulation
Health Impacts
Environmental Impacts
In addition to health benefits, improved FSM Planning has significant economic benefits

16. Components to FSM Planning
Technical – Asset Creation
User Interface: building of toilets
Containment: installation of septic tanks and pits
Collection and conveyance: procurement of desludging vehicles/operations and maintenance
Treatment: construction of treatment units/operations and maintenance
Reuse/Disposal: setting up of reuse infrastructure (biogas stoves, co-composting plant)
Financing Mechanism
Investment plan for the municipality for asset creation
Phasing of investments
Revenue model for user fee determination of collection and conveyance
Institutional – Service Delivery
Behavioral Aspects – Social
Stakeholder Engagement
Capacity Building – IEC
Governance - Regulations
Enabling Policy Framework
Human Resource
Capacity Building
Rules and Regulations – Implementation Stage

17. Approaches to FSM Plan
FSM
Approach
Decentralised

18. Methodology – FSM Planning
Inception Stage
Planning Approach
Staffing Schedule
Staging of Activity
Methods to accomplish the activities
Interim Stage
Baseline Survey
Data Analysis
Existing Sanitation Scenario
Final Stage
Proposed Interventions
Technical
Financial
Institutional
Social
FSM planning
Collaborative consultation
Techno-economic assessment
Implementation planning
Landscape study
Gap Assessment

19. Components of an Enabling Framework
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR FSM
Government Support
Legal and Regulatory Framework
Institutional Arrangements
Skills and Capacities
Financial Arrangements
Socio- Cultural Acceptance
Source: Luthl, et al., UNESCO-IHE, “Faecal Sludge Management, systems approach for implementation and operation”, IWA Publishing, 2014

20. Key Recommendations while planning
Technical
Provide public and community toilets
Procure basic desludging/ conveyance equipment to cover all areas of the town
Two technical approaches recommended for treatment of faecal sludge
Provide each Pourashava with one modular FSTP designed for either 5 cu.m and 10 cu.m capacity
Financial
Capital Investment for building of toilets, procurement of desludging vehicles, establishment of treatment plant
Phasing of investments
Determination of type of funding – loan based or grant based approach
Determination of user fee for desludging
Institutional
Support construction of individual/shared toilets
Establish management system at Pourashava for faecal sludge management services
Awareness campaign
Training and capacity building
Governance
Ensure that new toilets have properly built pits & septic tank; improve existing pits &septic tanks
Handholding for implementation

21. Key Questions to ask to plan the fecal sludge of a city/town
No. of on-site sanitation facilities
Pits
Twin pits
Septic Tanks
Dimensions and Volumes of on-site sanitation facilities
Average Filling Time of on-site sanitation facilities
Pits
Twin pits
Septic Tanks
New on-site sanitation facilities to be built
Costs of desludging each on-site sanitation facility
Desludging Frequency for each kind of on-site sanitation facility, based on size and type
Prevailing practices of sludge removal and extent of coverage
Volume of faecal sludge/ septage accumulated per annum and per day (in m3)

22. EIA status of the site to accommodate the treatment facility
Key criteria before facilitating a fecal sludge treatment facility
Can the city afford to build a treatment plant based on the current revenue situation in the municipality?
Does the city have a honey sucker/vacutug and if yes, is it operational (or at least operable?)
EIA status of the site to accommodate the treatment facility
Is there enough additional land available already in the municipality’s ownership to accommodate a Treatment facility of required capacity (daily load)?
Is there an Treatment facility already in place? If yes, is it functioning well?

23. Action Plan imperatives for Urban Local Government
Survey and Inventory of Sanitation Systems
Design and Construction of Septic Tanks and Pits
Desludging
Septage/ Faecal Sludge Transportation
Treatment and Final Disposal
Septage/sludge reuse as agricultural soil conditioner
Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
Fees/Charges for Collection, Conveyance and Treatment

24. Any further questions?
… Thank You!

25. National Urban Sanitation Policy (2008)
Policy Vision
“All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women”.
India – Signatory to UN MDGs
Specific Goals
Awareness Generation & Behavior Change
Open Defecation Free Cities
Integrated City Wide Sanitation
Re-orienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation
Sanitary and safe disposal
Proper Operation and Maintenance of all sanitary installations
Provision of infrastructure alone cannot solve the problems. People’s attitute needs to be changed
Overall Policy Goal
“To transform urban India into community- driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns”.
Source: IWA DEWATS Conference, May 2011, Manila,

26. NUSP – Key Components
City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF)
100% Sanitation Campaign
City Sanitation Plan (CSP)
Capacity Building and Training
Multi-stakeholder steering group to organise and monitor the process of sanitising the city
Participation of various socio-economic groups in sanitation campaign
Integrated planning of on-site and off-site systems to achieve 100% sanitation access
Training for O&M to make sanitation initiatives sustainable

27. REFORM IMPLEMENTATION SEWERAGE AND SEPTAGE Management
AMRUT-Thrust Areas
CAPACITY BUILDING
and
REFORM IMPLEMENTATION
WATER SUPPLY
SEWERAGE AND SEPTAGE Management
STORMWATER DRAINS
PEDESTRIAN , NMT AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
GREEN SPACES
Decentralised, networked underground sewerage systems
Augmentation of existing sewerage systems and STPs
Rehabilitation of old sewerage systems and treatment plants
Recycling of water for beneficial purposes (reuse of wastewater)
Faecal Sludge Management
Cleaning, transportation and treatment in a cost effective manner
Mechanical and biological cleaning of sewers and septic tanks
Full cost recovery