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Essentials of Understanding Psychology
9th Edition By Robert Feldman PowerPoints by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 9th Ed by Cathleen Hunt Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Chapter 6: Memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 18: The Foundations of Memory
What is memory? Are there different kinds of memory? What are the biological bases of memory? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 18: The Foundations of Memory
Process by which one encodes, stores, and retrieves information Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Three-System Memory Theory
Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory
Reflects information from the visual system Echoic Memory Stores auditory information coming from the ears Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Short-Term Memory Memory store in which information first has meaning
Chunk Meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory Example: PBSFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Short-Term Memory The prior example in chunks:
PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Short-Term Memory Rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal Mnemonics
Information is considered and organized in some fashion Mnemonics Organizational strategies For example: “ROY G BIV” (Colors of the spectrum) Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Short-Term Memory Working Memory
Set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information Central executive processor Visual store Verbal store Episodic buffer Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Long-Term Memory Distinguishing from short-term memory
Studies of people with certain types of brain damage Serial position effect Primacy effect Recency effect Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Long-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Modules Declarative memory
Factual information Semantic memory General knowledge and facts Episodic memory Events Procedural memory Skills and habits Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Long-Term Memory Semantic Networks
Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information Spreading activation Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Long-Term Memory The Neuroscience of Memory Engram Hippocampus
Amygdala Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Long-Term Memory Memory at the Level of Neurons Long-term potentiation
Shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned Consolidation Memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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In Pursuit of a Memory Eraser
PKM-zeta Inhibition of PKM-zeta stops a memory from being re-encoded in the brain after it was activated Propranolol Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 19: Recalling Long-Term Memories
What causes difficulties and failures in remembering? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Retrieval Cues Recall Recognition
Specific piece of information must be retrieved Recognition Occurs when one is presented with a stimulus and asked whether he has been exposed to it previously, or is asked to identify it from a list of alternatives Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Levels of Processing Levels-of-Processing Theory
Suggests that the amount of information processing that occurs when material is initially encountered is central in determining how much of the information is ultimately remembered Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Explicit and Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory Intentional or conscious recollection of information Implicit Memory Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior Priming Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Flashbulb Memories Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they represent a virtual snapshot of the event Source amnesia Example: September 11th, 2001 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning one gives to events Schemas Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Memory in the Courtroom: The Eyewitness on Trial Mistaken identity Specific wording of questions Children witnesses Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Repressed and False Memories Recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious Memories may be inaccurate or even wholly false Controversy regarding their legitimacy Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Autobiographical Memory Recollection of circumstances and episodes from our own lives One tends to forget information about one’s past that is incompatible with the way in which he currently sees himself Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 20: Forgetting: When Memory Fails
Why do we forget information? What are the major memory impairments? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Why We Forget Failure of Encoding Decay
Did not pay attention to material Decay Loss of information through nonuse Memory traces Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Why We Forget Interference Cue-Dependent Forgetting
Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information Cue-Dependent Forgetting Occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Proactive and Retroactive Interference
Proactive Interference Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material Retroactive Interference Difficulty in the recall of information because of later exposure to different material Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Memory Dysfunctions: Afflictions of Forgetting
Alzheimer’s Disease Amnesia Retrograde Anterograde Korsakoff’s Syndrome Afflicts long-term alcoholics Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Improving Memory Effective strategies The keyword technique
Organization cues Take effective notes Practice and rehearse Do not believe claims about drugs that improve memory Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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