1. ESSENTIALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
8TH EDITION
By Robert Feldman
Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman

2. CHAPTER SIX:
MEMORY

3. MODULE 18: The Foundations of Memory
What is memory?
Are there different kinds of memory?
What are the biological bases of memory?

4. Memory Process by which one encodes, stores, and retrieves information
Figure 1 of Module 18

5. Three-System Memory Theory
Sensory Memory
Short-term Memory
Long-term Memory
Figure 2 of Module 18

6. Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory
Reflects information from the visual system
Echoic Memory
Stores auditory information coming from the ears

7. Short-term Memory Memory store in which information first has meaning
Chunk
Meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory
Example:
PBSFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC

8. Short-term Memory The prior example in chunks:
PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC

9. Short-term Memory Rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal Mnemonics
Information is considered and organized in some fashion
Mnemonics
Organizational strategies
For example:
“ROY G BIV” (Colors of the spectrum)

10. Short-term Memory Working Memory
Set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information
Central executive processor
Visual store
Verbal store
Episodic buffer
Figure 4 of Module 18

11. Long-term Memory Long-term Memory Modules Declarative memory
Factual information
Semantic memory
General knowledge and facts
Episodic memory
Events
Procedural memory
Skills and habits

12. Long-term Memory Semantic Networks
Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information
Spreading activation
Figure 6 of Module 18

13. Long-term Memory The Neuroscience of Memory Hippocampus Amygdala
Figures 7 and 8 of Module 18

14. Long-term Memory Memory at the Level of Neurons Long-term potentiation
Shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned
Consolidation
Memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory

15. Long-term Memory Dulling the Edges of Painful Memories Roger Pitman
Propranolol
Drug that reduces the intensity of traumatic memories but does not erase them

16. MODULE 19: Recalling Long-Term Memories
What causes difficulties and failures in remembering?

17. Retrieval Cues Recall Recognition
Specific piece of information must be retrieved
Recognition
Occurs when one is presented with a stimulus and asked whether he has been exposed to it previously, or is asked to identify it from a list of alternatives

18. Levels of Processing Levels-of-processing Theory
Suggests that the amount of information processing that occurs when material is initially encountered is central in determining how much of the information is ultimately remembered

19. Explicit and Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory
Intentional or conscious recollection of information
Implicit Memory
Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior
Priming

20. Flashbulb Memories
Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they represent a virtual snapshot of the event
Source amnesia
Example:
September 11th, 2001

21. Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning one gives to events
Schemas
Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information in interpreted, stored, and recalled

22. Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Memory in the Courtroom: The Eyewitness on Trial
Mistaken identity
Specific wording of questions
Children witnesses

23. Constructive Processes In Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Repressed and False Memories
Recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious
Memories may be inaccurate or even wholly false
Controversy regarding their legitimacy

24. Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past
Autobiographical Memory
Recollection of circumstances and episodes from our own lives
One tends to forget information about one’s past that is incompatible with the way in which one currently sees oneself

25. MODULE 20: Forgetting: When Memory Fails
Why do we forget information?
What are the major memory impairments?

26. Why We Forget Failure of Encoding Decay
Did not pay attention to material
Decay
Loss of information through nonuse
Memory traces

27. Why We Forget Interference Cue-dependent Forgetting
Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information
Cue-dependent Forgetting
Occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory

28. Proactive and Retroactive Interference
Proactive Interference
Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material
Retroactive Interference
Difficulty in the recall of information because of later exposure to different material

29. Memory Dysfunctions: Afflictions of Forgetting
Alzheimer’s Disease
Amnesia
Retrograde
Anterograde
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Afflicts long-term alcoholics

30. Improving Memory Effective strategies The keyword technique
Organization cues
Take effective notes
Practice and rehearse
Do not believe claims about drugs that improve memory