1. Friday August 18, 2017 Bell Ringer
Copy and complete the following:
The levels of organization in an organism, from simple to complex are: ________, ____________, _________, and ________________.
Attention:
If your parent(s) come to the Open House tonight, I will give you
5 Bonus Points on your next test.
I will have a sign-in sheet at the Community Pep Rally tonight.
If you find me and sign in, I will give you 5 Bonus Points on your
next test.

2. Food Chains, Food Webs, and the Transfer of Energy

3. Living Things Living things are also called organisms.
Biology is the study of organisms, their environments and how they interact with each other and their surroundings.
copyright cmassengale

4. Habitats A habitat is where an organism lives.
An organism’s niche is the role it plays in the environment. (producer, consumer, decomposer)
All habitats contain both biotic and abiotic factors
Biotic factors- parts of an environment that are living (plants, animals, bacteria, etc…)
These also include the remains of dead organisms as well as the wastes of the organisms. (bones, feces, teeth, etc …)
Abiotic factors- parts of an environment that are not living, were never alive nor were ever part of a living thing (air, rocks, temperature, oxygen levels, etc…)

5. What Are the Main Characteristics of Organisms?
Made of cells
Require energy (food)
Reproduction (species)
Maintain homeostasis
Organization
Respond to environment
Grow and develop
EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases)
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6. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Nonliving Levels:
Atom (element)
Molecule (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins)
Organelles (nucleus, ER, Golgi …)
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7. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
Cells (makes up ALL organisms)
Tissues (cells working together)
Organs (heart, brain, stomach …)
Organ systems (respiratory, circulatory …)
Organism (human)
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8. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels continued:
Population (one species in an area)
Community (several populations in an area)
Ecosystem (forest, prairie …)
Biome (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…)
Biosphere (all living and nonliving things on Earth)
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9. Autotrophs
A groups of organisms that can use the energy in sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into Glucose (food)
Autotrophs are also called Producers because they produce all of the food that heterotrophs use
Without autotrophs, there would be no life on this planet
Ex. Plants and Algae

10. Autotrophs

11. Autotrophs Chemotrophs
Autotrophs that get their energy from inorganic substances, such as salt
Live deep down in the ocean where there is no sunlight
Ex. Bacteria and Deep Sea Worms

12. Heterotrophs Organisms that do not make their own food
Another term for Heterotroph is consumer because they consume other organisms in order to live
Ex. Rabbits, Deer, Mushrooms

13. Heterotrophs

14. Heterotrophs Consumers
1. Scavengers/Detritivores – feed on the tissue of dead organisms (both plans and animals)
Ex. – Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp

15. Heterotrophs Consumers 2. Herbivores – eat ONLY plants
Ex. – Cows, Elephants, Giraffes

16. Heterotrophs Consumers 3. Carnivores – eat ONLY meat
Ex. – Lions, Tigers, Sharks

17. Heterotrophs Consumers 4. Omnivores – eat BOTH plants and animals
Ex. – Bears and Humans

18. Heterotrophs Consumers
5. Decomposers – absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients or fertilizers
Ex. – Bacteria and Mushrooms

19. Transfer of Energy
When a zebra eats the grass, it does not obtain all of the energy the grass has (much of it is not eaten)
When a lion eats a zebra, it does not get all of the energy from the zebra (much of it is lost as heat)

20. Transfer of Energy
The two (2) previous examples of energy transfer show that no organism EVER receives all of the energy from the organism they just ate
Only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next – this is called the 10% law

21. Trophic Levels
Energy moves from one organisms to another when it is eaten
Each step in this transfer of energy is know as a trophic level
The main trophic levels are producers, consumers, and decomposers

22. Food Chains
The energy flow from one trophic level to the other is know as a food chain
A food chain is simple and direct
It involves one organism at each trophic level
Primary Consumers – eat autotrophs (producers)
Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers
Tertiary Consumers – eat the secondary consumers
Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment

23. Food Chain

24. Food Web Most organisms eat more the JUST one organism
When more organism are involved it is know as a FOOD WEB
Food webs are more complex and involve lots of organisms

25. Food Web

26. Food Web
Notice that the direction the arrow points  the arrow points in the direction of the energy transfer, NOT “what ate what”

27. Food Web

28. Biomass
The total mass of the organic matter at each trophic level is called biomass
Biomass is just another term for potential energy – energy that is to be eaten and used.
The transfer of energy from one level to another is very inefficient (10% Law)

29. Biomass

30. Ecological Pyramid
An ecological pyramid shows the relationship between consumers and producers at different trophic levels in an ecosystem
Shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained at each trophic level
The Pyramid shows which level has the most energy and the highest number of organisms

31. Ecological Pyramid

32. Ecological Pyramid

33. Ecological Pyramid Which level has the most energy?
Which level has the most organisms?
Which level has the least organisms?
Which level has the least energy?

34. Tuesday August 21, 2017 Bell Ringer
Copy and answer the following:
What is the difference in an autotroph and a heterotroph?
Which organism do you think has more energy available to it– a plant or a bird?

35. Symbiosis
A close and permanent association between organisms of different species
Commensalism – a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected
Example: Barnacles on a whale
Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other
Example: Birds eating pest off a rhino’s back
Parasitism – A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed
Example: Ticks on a dog

36. Wednesday August 23, 2017 Bell Ringer
Copy and answer the following:
Many elements are recycled through the course of nature. Which element do you think decomposers contribute most to these processes?
Sketch an example of the water cycle.

37. Traveling Nitrogen and Traveling Carbon Lab

38. Thursday August 24, 2017 Bell Ringer
Copy and answer the following questions:
Based your experiences with yesterday’s lab, does every carbon/nitrogen atom go through every part of their respective cycles?
Which cycle did you travel to the most destinations? The least?
good_buddies_symbiosis.ppt

39. Food Web Lab

40. Bell Ringer Friday August 25, 2017
Copy and answer:
What are the three main processes that take place in the water cycle?

41. After Test Instructions:
Make sure your answer sheet is in the white basket.
Pick up a Bonus Sheet-Bonus sheets are due no later than 7:45 on Monday morning!
Work on your Bonus sheet or continue with yesterday’s lab.
Answer Question Set 1 on page 2.
Read the Discussion on page 2, then answer questions 1-4 about the
graph on page 2.
Complete the diagram on page 3, then answer questions 6 & 7.
Lab Bonus: Complete the Abiotic Scenarios on page 3. You may need to do this on another sheet of paper. You must get a card from me to complete this activity. The card must be returned!!
You can lab turn your lab in when you complete steps 1-3 above.
Lab is due Monday by 7:45!!!!

42. Biogeochemical Cycles

43. Biogeochemical Cycles
describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment.

44. Hydrological Cycle

45. Hydrological Cycle (water cycle)
1. Reservoir – oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land 2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water 3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes

46. Hydrological Cycle
1. Reservoir – oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land.
2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water.
3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes.

47. Carbon Cycle

49. Carbon Cycle (carbon is required for building organic compounds)
1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as CO2), fossil fuels (oil, coal), durable organic materials (for example: cellulose).
2. Assimilation – plants use CO2 in photosynthesis; animals consume plants.
3. Release – plants and animals release CO2 through respiration and decomposition; CO2 is released as wood and fossil fuels are burned.

50. Nitrogen Cycle

51. Nitrogen Cycle (Nitrogen is required for the manufacture of amino acids and nucleic acids)
1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as N2); soil (as NH4+ or ammonium, NH3 or ammonia, N02- or nitrite, N03- or nitrate

52. Nitrogen Cycle
2. Assimilation – plants absorb nitrogen as either NH4+ or as N03-, animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. The stages in the assimilation of nitrogen are as follows:
Nitrogen Fixation: N2 to NH4+ by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (prokaryotes in the soil and root nodules), N2 to N03- by lightning and UV radiation.
Nitrification: NH4+ to N02- and N02- to N03- by various nitrifying bacteria.

53. Nitrogen Cycle
3. Release – Denitrifying bacteria convert N03- back to N2 (denitrification); detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH4+ (ammonification); animals excrete NH4+ (or NH3) urea, or uric acid.

54. Nitrogen Cycle
1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as N2); soil (as NH4+ or ammonium, NH3 or ammonia, N02- or nitrite, N03- or nitrate
2. Assimilation – plants absorb nitrogen as either NH4+ or as N03-, animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals.
3. Release – Denitrifying bacteria convert N03- back to N2; detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH4+ ; animals excrete NH4+, urea, or uric acid.

55. Phosphorus Cycle

56. Phosphorus Cycle (Phosphorus is required for the manufacture of ATP and all nucleic acids)
1. Reservoir – erosion transfers phosphorus to water and soil; sediments and rocks that accumulate on ocean floors return to the surface as a result of uplifting by geological processes 2. Assimilation – plants absorb inorganic PO43- (phosphate) from soils; animals obtain organic phosphorus when they plants and other animals 3. Release – plants and animals release phosphorus when they decompose; animals excrete phosphorus in their waste products

57. Phosphorus Cycle
Reservoir – erosion transfers phosphorus to water and soil; sediments and rocks that accumulate on ocean floors return to the surface as a result of uplifting by geological processes
Assimilation – plants absorb inorganic PO43- (phosphate) from soils; animals obtain organic phosphorus when they plants and other animals
Release – plants and animals release phosphorus when they decompose; animals excrete phosphorus in their waste products

58. Other Minerals
Biogeochemical cycles of other minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, are similar to the phosphorus cycle.

59. Friday August 25, 2017 Bell Ringer
Using the given food web,
explain what you think
would happen if an
epidemic destroyed the bird population in this ecosystem.