1. TCI chapter 2 – European Exploration & Settlement
Colonial Heritage
TCI chapter 2 – European Exploration & Settlement

2. Native American areas prior to colonization

4. Discovery and Competition
Explorers like Christopher Columbus were looking for a westward route to Asia when they stumbled onto the American continents. European nations competed to claim these new lands and the riches they might contain.

5. Spain
Columbus explored on behalf of King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella, Spain West with 3 ships; landed in Caribbean (now know) Claimed island, renamed San Salvador; Mistakenly believing that he had reached the Indies, Columbus called these people Indians. introduced crops such as wheat and rice to these lands, as well as domesticated animals like horses, cows, pigs, and sheep Brought germs: smallpox & other diseases decimated current population Columbian Exchange: great transfer of people, plants, animals, and diseases back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean

6. Middle passage & slavery
Slavery: late 1400s-1500s, replacing Indians w/ captured Africans (Middle Passage)
Disease infested ships, forcible migration, deplorable work/living conditions
Captured & sold for generations
Conquistadors: Cortes conquered Aztecs in Mexico, Pizarro conquered Inca in Peru; others migrated & conquered throughout S. America

7. Spanish borderlands Mexico and Peru –
conquistadors found gold and silver riches
hoping for still more, they pushed north
April 1513
Juan Ponce de León
landed on a sunny peninsula of North America - Florida
“Seven Cities of Cíbola” 
legend sparked new Spanish expeditions N. Am. 
old European tale
“the streets and houses were decorated with gold and jewels”
Coronado Expedition (1540)
set out from Mexico City with a large expedition;
north onto the Great Plains before giving up the search for golden cities

8. Spanish borderlands
As conquistadors explored new territories, they claimed the areas for Spain. 
when rival European nations showed an interest in land, small bands of soldiers were sent to these regions to protect the claims
The soldiers lived in walled forts called presidios
Catholic missionaries accompanied the soldiers to the borderlands. 
Missionaries are religious people, like priests, who try to persuade people to convert to their religion.
At first, the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico welcomed the newcomers. Unfortunately, the Spanish repaid the Indians’ kindness with cruelty (enslaved).
From Florida to California, some American Indians converted to the Catholic faith. 
Unfortunately, wherever the Spanish settled, they brought with them diseases to which native peoples had no resistance.

10. New France
France sent Cartier to explore Atlantic coastline of N. America
Goal = find NW Passage (all water route through N. America to Pacific Ocean)
No passage but claimed Canada for France
Discovered beaver furs – worthy item
Settling
Champlain formed Quebec
French explorers, soldiers, missionaries, & fur trappers
Colonizing never took (money & weather = deterrents)
Champlain allied with Heron Indians; enemies with Iroquois
Marquette & Joliet explored Mississippi River – returned to France
1682 – La Salle claimed Louisiana & everything west of Miss. River as French

12. Jamestown
1497 – Cabot explored from England to Newfoundland (Eng. Claim)
Roanoke – colony est. but disappeared; CROATOAN carved in doorpost
1607-London Company est. Jamestown
Swampy peninsula; protect from invasion but could not protect from mosquitoes & N. Americans
Settlers = not farmers but gentry; poor survival skills
Bartered with N.A.; hunger & disease took toll
John Smith: “If any would not work,” announced Smith, “neither should he eat.”
Smith almost killed but saved by Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan
Injured by gunpowder explosion, returned to England
1609: Starving Time
(famine & drought + winter freeze = high death rate)
440/500 died
1610 – 250 new colonists
Soldiers & settlers; kidnapped Pocahontas - married John Rolfe
Rolfe had brought tobacco (first major cash crop; propels them to success)
Peace between colonists & N. Americans

13. New netherland
HENRY HUDSON: English sailor sponsored by Dutch merchants
New Netherland = cut by Hudson River; Dutch settlers followed (present day Albany to Manhattan)
Peter Minuit = royal governor; traded pots, beads, etc. to N.A. for land rather than expelling violently;
Iroquois Confederacy (alliance of 5 tribes) allied with Dutch
Traded for guns; against Huron & French
New Amsterdam – Peter Stuyvesant = new Gov.
Generally disliked & mean
Took over nearby Swedish colony & expanded area
Refuge for Jews seeking place to find peace
1664 – Duke of York invaded & claimed New Amsterdam
Renamed New York – English colony

14. Two worlds collide

15. Multiple cultures impacted