1. Equivalence and Equivalent Effect prepared by : Tahreer Nafez Baroud

2. Outlines: Introduction
Roman Jacobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalence
Nida and the science of translating
the nature of meaning(semantic and pragmatic)
Formal and dynamic equivalence
Discussion of the importance of work Nidia's
Criticism of Nidia's work

3. introduction
Over the following twenty years many further attempts were made to define the nature of equivalence
many major figures worked to define the
nature of equivalence.

4. Eugene Nida
Peter Newmark
Werner Koller

5. Roman Jacobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalence
three categories of translation described by Roman Jacobson:
1. intralingual translation, 'an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language';
2 interlingual translation, 'an interpretation of verbal signs by means of verbal signs of some other language';
3. intersemiotic translation, : 'an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems').

6. Jacobson follows the theory of language proposed by the famous Swiss linguist Saussure.
Saussure differentiated between the “signifier" the spoken and written signal.
“Signified” the concept

7. signifier
The spoken and written sign
signified
The concept

8. Jacobson also stresses that it is possible to understand what is signified by a word even if we have never seen or experienced the concept in the real life

9. The problem of meaning and equivalence
In Jacobson's discussion the problem of meaning and equivalence focuses on differences in the structure and terminology of language rather than on any inability of language to render a message that has been written or uttered

10. Equivalence by Jacobson
“Languages differ essentially in what they
must convey and not in what they may convey”

11. Examples of differences:
Honey is masculineine French but feminine in Spanish.
The level of gender
In Russian,The verb morphology varies whether the action is completed or not
The level of aspect
The german term “geschwister”is normally explicated in English as sister and brother.
The level of semantic field

12. These examples illustrate differences between languages but they are still concept that can be rendered interlingually

13. Nida and the science of translation.
Receptor language
Source language
analysis
restructuring
transfer

14. comment
Nida sees that science of translation provides the translator with atechnique for decoding the ST and aprocedure for encoding the TT.
The surface structure of the ST is analysed into the basic elements of the deep structure, these are transferred in the translation process and then restructed semantically and stylistically into the surface structure of the TT.

15. The nature of meaning :advances in semantic and pragmatics
Meaning is broken down into the following:
Linguistic meaning: the relationship between different linguistic structure.
e.g ‘his”his house,his journey
equal,hiskidness….
Referential meaning: dictionary, denonative,e.g:son denotes amale child
Emotive meaning :the associations aword producing
E.g don’t worry about that ,son’…endearment

16. Eugene Nida discussed three terms toward a science of translating which are:
Literal
Free
Faithful
You can achieve faithful translation by translating verb to verb and noun to nouns

17. There are two basic types of equivalence dicussed by Eugene Nida:
Formal equivalence
Dynamic equivalence

18. Formal equivalence: it focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content
It concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language:

19. Using words sense Form+content=formal equivalence
This includes>>
Grammatical units
Using words
sense

20. Dynamic Equivalence
The closest natural equivalent to the source-language message
Dynamic equivalence aims to complete naturalnessof expression
Grammer
Lexicon
Cultural refrences

21. Example of formal and dynamic translation
Add fuel to the fire
Sorry I cant come with you, my hands are full

22. Four basic requirement of translation
Making sense
Conveying the spirit and manner of the original
Easy form of expression
Producing asimilar responce

23. Importance of of Nida's work
He pointed the road way from strict word for word equivalence.
Nadia put description of real translation phenomena.

24. criticism
Lefever: equivalence is still overly concerned with the word level.
Broeck and larose: consider equivalence effect to be impossible.