1. America’s History Seventh Edition
James A. Henretta
Rebecca Edwards
Robert O. Self
America’s History Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 6
Making War and Republican Governments,
Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

2. I. The Trials of War,
War in the North –List British advantages
1. Fighting Begins-British control Hudson River and capture New York City(Battle of Long Island) –General Howe 1776 Divide and Conquer-strategy to isolate radical Patriots in New England from the rest of the colonies
2. Early American Retreat –Continental Army led by George Washington initially retreated but gained victories at Trenton and Princeton
The Trials of War,
War in the North
1. Fighting Begins – Europeans believed British would easily defeat the rebellion; British were militarily strong while Americans were weak economically and militarily; Continental Army (led by Washington) was weak and poorly trained (18,000 men).
2. Early American Retreat - Americans retreated as the British worked to capture New York City; Washington’s men had several small victories during the winter months as the British halted their campaign in the cold weather.

5. I. The Trials of War,
B. Armies and Strategies- Colonial militias were poorly equipped and trained ,reluctant to fight or travel, some had to be bribed, some panicked and fled 1. Continental Soldiers-initially very young and uneducated and/or older foreign men
The Trials of War,
Armies and Strategies
1. Continental Soldiers – Congress promised 75,000 men, numbers never reached 1/3; difficult to bring recruits into the military; most were poor, some were foreign born; all were inexperienced; debate between recruits and officers about the presence of “camp followers” (women who supported the men). 5

6. I. The Trials of War, 1776-1778 Victory at Saratoga
1. Problems for the British-goal to isolate New England, Howe takes Philly instead, British(Burgoyne) defeated at Saratoga New York-no backup from Howes army-military turning point of war because of France alliance
Social and Financial Perils
1. Wartime Difficulties-British naval blockade hurt economy, civilians had to pitch in ,Armies ravaged civilians
2. Financial Crisis-inflation(Continental paper money) and lack of tax revenue caused hardships
3. Valley Forge-American army faces cold and disease-eventually train to become a strong fighting force
The Trials of War,
Victory at Saratoga
1. Problems for the British – 1777 British attempted to isolate New England but not all generals agreed with military plans; Howe took Philadelphia but Continental Congress fled; British led by Burgoyne were trapped near Saratoga, NY, and forced to surrender; Continental Army took more than 5,000 British captive; Americans in Paris created a military alliance with the French.
Social and Financial Perils
1. Wartime Difficulties – urban populations in the north fled to the countryside; farmers and artisans adapted to a war-time economy; government needed supplies for the military; women were critical in supplying materials to the war effort; British and American soldiers harassed and raped women and girls; families forced to flee their homes for soldiers’ use.
2. Financial Crisis – states were afraid to increase taxes; bonds used to secure gold or silver; issued too much paper money; Continental Congress was financially destroyed; Patriots feared further rebellion as families suffered economic devastation.
3. Valley Forge – winter 1777 Washington’s army in retreat; 12,000 soldiers plus camp followers; conditions were terrible – cold, lack of food; nearby farmers refused to give food or shelter to the soldiers as some were Quakers/pacifists or Loyalists; 3,000 died, 1,000 deserted; Baron von Steuben (former Prussian military officer) trained those men who remained.

7. II. The Path to Victory, 1778-1783 The French Alliance
1. Support for the Patriots- French supplies much needed money supplies and troops became major factor in American victory Treaty of Alliance 1778
2. British Concerns –unpopular war in Britain, taxes, fear of other rebellions, colonists reject Parliaments repeal of taxes
War in the South
1. Britain’s Southern Strategy-defend West Indies, naval attack on Georgia, capture Carolinas
2. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas-Colonists won War of attrition-Cornwallis conceded and took army to Virginia
The Path to Victory,
The French Alliance
1. Support for the Patriots – 1778 alliance provided money, supplies, and troops; created an international war; French wanted to avenge the loss of Canada; “Treaty of Alliance” stated neither side would sign a treaty to end the war without the “liberty, sovereignty, and independence” of the U.S.; Continental Congress to recognize French in the West Indies.
2. British Concerns – British government increasingly concerned that war would spread to Ireland and West Indies; 1778 Lord North oversaw repeal of Tea Act and renounced its power to tax the colonies; rebellion continued.
War in the South
1. Britain’s Southern Strategy – 1779 Spain joined the war on the Patriots’ side; new British strategy to defend their colonies in the West Indies; sea attack against Savannah, GA; hoped to continue onward to South Carolina.
2. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas – Patriots used local militiamen against British forces; defeated Loyalists in region and took approx. 1,000 prisoners; Cornwallis surrendered Yorktown in October 1781.

12. II. The Path to Victory, 1778-1783 The Patriot Advantage p182
1. British Mistakes-Howe, Burgoyne, Cornwallis p182-How did underdog Patriots win?
Diplomatic Triumph p182
1. Treaty of Paris-1783 Negotiated by America with British behind back of France-very favorable for America-Independence, Indian lands, permanent use of M River –Loyalists got land back and citizenship-western border of United States now at Mississippi River
The Path to Victory,
The Patriot Advantage
1. British Mistakes – parliamentarians debated what went wrong in the war; the French alliance and leadership of George Washington were two of the greatest advantages of the Patriots; one-third of white population in America were zealous supporters of the Patriot cause and financed the war largely through currency taxes.
Diplomatic Triumph
1. Treaty of Paris – two years of negotiating; French and Spanish still hoped to make gains in the West Indies; Sept treaty signed; formal recognition of independence; no land for Native Americans who aided the British; fishing rights off of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia for Americans; freedom to navigate the Mississippi River; Americans encouraged states to return confiscated property to Loyalists and grant them citizenship; Treaty of Versailles (same time) British ended war with France and Spain.

14. III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-1787
The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy?
1. Republicanism-p183-new state constitutions rejected Monarchy-gave power to governed-opposed power in hands of the rich p184
2. Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution-granted all tax paying men the right to vote and hold office-mandatory education and no debtors prison-too much democracy for many landowning males
Creating Republican Institutions,
The State Conventions: How Much Democracy?
1. Republicanism – during 1776 many states wrote constitutions under the encouragement of the Second Continental Congress; in many states a desire to reject anything that was similar to monarchy or put too much power in the hands of the wealthy.
2. Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution – 1776 all taxpaying men were granted the right to vote and hold office; creation of a unicameral legislature with complete power, elementary education, and no imprisonment for debt; many Patriots criticized this new government without a governor; 1776 John Adams published Thoughts on Government encouraging a mixed government with shared powers – executive, judicial, legislature.

16. III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-1787
B. Women Seek a Public Voice 1. Postwar Demands-sought to end restrictive customs and laws-including right to own property and access to education p186 Abigail Adams argued that a husbands power over wife to tyranny that they had just fought against “Remember the Ladies” “On the Equality of the Sexes”1779-women are inferior intellectually only because of lack of opportunity
Creating Republican Institutions,
Women Seek a Public Voice
Postwar Demands – postwar women wanted an end to restrictive customs and laws; some advocated property rights for women; women were largely ignored, except in New Jersey; 1790s Massachusetts granted girls equal right to education. 16

17. 1. What does the existence of such a pass tell us about the position of free blacks in the former British colonies at the end of the Revolution?
(Answer: the wording of the pass indicates “Cato Rammsay” has the permission of the British military to travel freely; such a pass could hopefully prevent a man from being labeled a fugitive and therefore subject to arrest and return to a purported master; it is essential in a society that condones slavery that those who had obtained their freedom through birth or emancipation be able to prove their condition when necessary.)

18. III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-1787
The Loyalist Exodus
1. Financial Gains and Losses p ,000 left and lived smaller in England, Canada and the West Indies, some property seized with little compensation
Creating Republican Institutions,
The Loyalist Exodus
1. Financial Gains and Losses – nearly 100,000 Loyalists left after the war; most lost large sums of money and/or property; some sought compensation from the new government but got very little if any; in some states the Loyalists’ property was seized and auctioned to highest bidder; in urban areas Tories were replaced by Patriot merchants; republican-minded entrepreneurs now replaced traditional elites whose money had come from land ownership.

19. Ask students to consider this image and the following one.
1. Describe the images of women presented by these eighteenth-century illustrations.
(Answers: Lady’s Magazine – depicts a kneeling woman with a paper reading “Rights of Man,” to her left are symbols of music, art, reading/knowledge. “Keep Within Compass” – a woman in a traditional agricultural setting, around her the words “Keep within compass and you shall be sure to avoid many troubles which others endure,” below her: “A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband,” and at the bottom of the illustration: “Enter not into the way of the wicked and go not in the path of evil men.”)
2. How do these two images reflect the debate over the role of women in the new United States?
(Answer: the Lady’s Magazine image is reflective of the argument that women in the new republic should be educated, including the notion of “republican motherhood”; while “Keep Within the Compass” encourages women to stay on the traditional path of marriage and motherhood, straying from that path could lead to the woman’s moral downfall; this image reflects the fears that some men and women had that too much education would be morally and physically harmful to women.)

20. Ask students to consider this image and the previous one.
1. Describe the images of women presented by these eighteenth-century illustrations.
(Answers: Lady’s Magazine – depicts a kneeling woman with a paper reading “Rights of Man,” to her left are symbols of music, art, reading/knowledge. “Keep Within Compass” – a woman in a traditional agricultural setting, around her the words “Keep within compass and you shall be sure to avoid many troubles which others endure,” below her: “A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband,” and at the bottom of the illustration: “Enter not into the way of the wicked and go not in the path of evil men.”)
2. How do these two images reflect the debate over the role of women in the new United States?
(Answer: the Lady’s Magazine image is reflective of the argument that women in the new republic should be educated, including the notion of “republican motherhood”; while “Keep Within the Compass” encourages women to stay on the traditional path of marriage and motherhood, straying from that path could lead to the woman’s moral downfall; this image reflects the fears that some men and women had that too much education would be morally and physically harmful to women.)

21. III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-1787
The Articles of Confederation-loose union, each state retained sovereignty-list details p189
1. Approved in Congress Nov conflict over western lands-wealthy states owned western land and ceded them for the benefit of the country-
2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis-A of C lacked power to tax-revenue raised by the sale of western territories
3. The Northwest Ordinance-1784,1785,1787 details- it was the lasting achievement of A of C- banned slavery in these territories and eventually became states of Ohio, MI, etc
Creating Republican Institutions,
The Articles of Confederation
1. Approved in Congress Nov – loose union, each state had one vote regardless of size, population, wealth; no chief executive; no judiciary; Congress could declare war, make treaties, adjudicate disputes between states, borrow and print money, seek money from the states for common defense.
2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis – no power to tax the people; 1780 new government was nearly bankrupt; Bank of North America established in Philadelphia whose notes were meant to stabilize economy; Congress desired to sell lands in the west to raise revenue.
3. The Northwest Ordinance (1787) – created territories that would be Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin; slavery prohibited; money set aside from sales to establish schools; when population reached 5,000 men then the territory could elect a legislature; at 60,000 a republican constitution could be written with plans to enter the union. 21

23. III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776-1787
Shays’s Rebellion p191
1. State Governments-war debt, lack of trade-some states lenient, some hardline (Mass.)
2. Rebellion in Massachusetts-Army veterans (led by Daniel Shays)armed protest over debt and foreclosures turned violent and showed need for a stronger central government –compare to Patriot protests over taxation-state militia formed to end it
Creating Republican Institutions,
Shays’s Rebellion
1. State Governments – eastern states suffered tremendously after war; shipping industry virtually shuttered; war debts were enormous; creditors wanted state governments to repay loans quickly; states did not want to tax the people and instead authorized new paper money.
2. Rebellion in Massachusetts – state would not enact debtor-relief, instead imposed high taxes to pay off state’s debt; farmers began protesting the tax rate and property seizures. Led by Captain Daniel Shays, mobs of farmers closed the Massachusetts courts by force; put down by force; made clear to the new government that the times ahead would be difficult.

27. IV. The Constitution of 1787 The Rise of a Nationalist Faction p193
1. Money Debates-debts, taxes, and tariffs (tax on imports)high tariffs good for American manufacturing but bad for consumers
The Philadelphia Convention (Constitutional Convention)
1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans-large state vs small state
2. The Great Compromise-created House and Senate
3. Negotiations over Slavery-3/5 slave representation=The 3/5 Compromise-called for end of African slave trade by 1808-developed a fugitive slave clause-excluded the words slave/or slavery in the Constitution
4. National Authority-Congress law is “Law of the Land”-and has power of taxation, military defense, commerce, and all laws “necessary and proper”
The Constitution of 1787
The Rise of a Nationalist Faction
1. Money Debates – debts, taxes, tariffs all under discussion as a new constitution was debated; some wanted a strong central government (national perspective), including creditors in the south.
The Philadelphia Convention
1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans – 55 delegates to Philadelphia; Rhode Island opposed increasing central authority and did not send representation; most of the 55 were nationalists: most were educated, property owners, many were slaveholders; G. Washington elected as the presiding official; considered the Virginia Plan (proposed by James Madison); rejected state sovereignty for national authority, national government established by the people, and three-tier election system. Smaller states liked the New Jersey Plan – gave power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states to the Confederation; states controlled their own laws.
2. The Great Compromise – debate between large and small states continued; suggestion that Senate have two members from each state while House have representation by population; accepted this compromise.
3. Negotiations over Slavery – Gov. Morris of New York condemned slavery at the convention, arguing that it was a “nefarious institution”; slaveholders recognized contradictions between slavery and republicanism but only supported an end to the slave trade and not slavery itself; slave trade would not be regulated by Congress until 1808; developed a fugitive slave clause but also excluded the words “slave/slavery” from the Constitution; slaves would be counted 3/5 for taxation and representation.
4. National Authority – created powerful, pro-creditor national government with powers of taxation, military defense, external commerce; all but three present at the Convention signed the document.

28. IV. The Constitution of 1787 The People Debate Ratification p198-
Federalists-faction that supported adopting the Constitution as law-supported a strong central government,
1. The Antifederalists –diverse backgrounds and motives-ex. No bill of rights, took away power from states, afraid of rule of the wealthy, a standing army and president as a monarch
2. The Constitution Ratified-Federalist Papers were influential propaganda- Madison, Jay, Hamilton-Federalist #10?-factions-
The Constitution of 1787
The People Debate Ratification
1. The Antifederalists – required ratification by 9 or 13 states; “Federalists” supported a federal union; “Antifederalists” opposed the Constitution, feared that states would lose power, desired states to remain sovereign; in New York series of 85 essays The Federalist published by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton.
2. The Constitution Ratified – people in coastal areas tended to be Federalists; backcountry population tended toward Antifederalism.