1. Leaves reduced to spines, to reduce water loss and for protection.
Adaptations To Hot Environment
Sexual Reproduction
Involves joining of sex cells (gametes). This is fertilisation
Plants-pollen and ovules
Animals-sperm and egg
Offspring show variation
Asexual Reproduction
Parent
Offspring
No joining of gametes
All genetic material from one parent so offspring are identical (clones)
No variation.
Thick glossy cuticle, to reduce water loss.
Extensive shallow network of roots, to absorb any water.
Large, swollen stem (small SA:V) to reduce water loss and to store water.
A cell nucleus contains 46 Chromosomes, which carry genes.
Competition
Animals Plants
Food Light
Water Water
Space Space
Mates Nutrients
Biology 1b
Adaptations To Cold Environment
-small surface/area:volume ratio
-thick fur
-layer of fat as insulation
-camouflage
-wide paws to avoid sinking
Cloning Techniques -Animals
Clone=genetically identical individual.
2) Fusion Cell Cloning (reproductive cloning)- a nucleus is removed from an egg cell and replaced with a nucleus from another animals body cell.
Keywords: Adaptation, Nucleus, Chromosomes, Gene, Clone, Tissue Culture, Embryo Cloning
Embryo Cloning-a developing embryo is removed from an animal and the cells split apart. The cells are grown for a while before being implanted into separate host mothers
Cloning Techniques -Plants
Clone=genetically identical individual.
Taking Cuttings
Tissue culture
Egg
Embryo
Cells split apart and implanted into separate host mothers.
Keywords: Darwin, Evolution, Natural Selection, Mutation, Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, Extinction, Genetic Engineering

2. Greenhouse Effect
Deforestation
Stops trees removing CO2 so adding to problem
Genetic Engineering
This involves transferring genes between organisms. E.g. bacteria can be genetically modified to produce the human hormone insulin
More energy trapped
Acid Rain
Caused by release of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides
Suns heat
Some energy radiated away
Pollution Indicators
-Lichens for air pollution
-Invertebrates for
water pollution
Increased CO2 and methane
Human Population Growth
Very rapid
-more waste
-more pollution
-natural resources being used up
-land taken up for human activity
1)Fossils-show how organisms have changed over time or that some have become extinct
2)Horse-fossils show how it evolved from small swamp dwelling animals to what it is today
Natural Selection-Darwin came up with this theory to explain evolution
Backed Up By
1) Each species shows variation:
There is competition within each species for food, living space, water, mates etc
These survivors will pass on their better genes to their offspring who will also show this beneficial variation.
Gutted!
Yum
The “better adapted” members of these species are more likely to survive – “Survival of the Fittest”
Sustainable living-meeting our needs without harming destroying Earth for future generations
No one knew how we could inherit features (he did not know about genes)
Contradicted bible
Not accepted as
Extinctions
Caused by
-new diseases
-new predators
-new competitors
-environmental changes e.g. climate
Alternative
Lamarck Claimed organisms changed over the course of their lifetime and pass on these features to offspring.
E.g. a giraffe would stretch its neck and pass on this feature to its offspring.
Mutations-changes in DNA can cause a beneficial change which will be passed onto offspring