1. 9.0 Getting Started What’s the secret to making good popcorn?
Water inside the kernel!

2. 9.1 Fluid Systems
A fluid system is a group of parts, including at least one fluid that interact with each other and function together as a whole
There are natural fluid systems and manufactured fluid systems

3. Pascal’s Law
In the mid 1600s, Pascal wanted to see what happens when a force is applied to a fluid in a closed system.
Introducing Pascal’s Law!
“When force is applied to an enclosed fluid, the increase in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid.”
In order for a fluid system to function properly, the entire system must be completely sealed.

4. Hydraulic Systems
Are systems that use a liquid under pressure to transmit a force and do work.
Liquids cannot be compressed so any force on the liquid would make the liquid travel over a distance.
Example: turning water on a hose. The pressure at one end the hose will push the water out on the other end.

5. How the Brakes in your car work!

6. Multiplying the Force
Hydraulic systems can multiply the force exerted by a liquid.
A hoist uses 2 piston (disks) of different sized to create pressure to lift a car.
Small piston=input piston
Large piston=output force.
The small piston pushed down on the liquid to create pressure. The pressure is transmitted through the liquid, where it pushes up on the large piston.
The area of the output piston is X times larger than the area of the input piston. The result is an output force x times greater than the input force.
The small piston must move much further down than the larger piston moves up.

7. Pneumatic System
A system that uses a gas, usually air, under pressure to transmit a force.
In order for this to work, the gas needs to be compressed
Benefits: pneumatic systems are safe because devices do not create sparks within the system. Another benefit is cost. Another benefit is that they are more reliable over a larger temperature range than hydraulic systems.
Ex: Scuba tanks uses compressed air and a regulator to maintain the flow of air.

8. Pumps
Adding air to a basketball or filtering the water in your aquarium requires a pump
A pump is a device that moves a fluid through or into something.
Ex: Your heart pumps blood to your lungs for oxygen and then pumps the blood through your body.
Ex: Bicycle Pump uses a piston that you pull up on. This allows air to fill the cylinder. This compresses the air inside. When you press down on the piston, the compressed air travels to your tires.

9. Valves Are devices that control the flow of fluids
Ex: a valve controls the amount of water flowing through a faucet. Turning the tap one way, allows water to flow out. Turing the tap the other way closes off the flow of water.
We have valves in our veins that allow blood to flow in the right direction.

10. 9.2 The Impact of Fluid Spills
On March 24, 1989, a tanker called the Exxon Valdez struck a reef 20 km off the coast of Alaska and dumped more than 50 million litres of crude oil into the ocean.
Results?:
sea birds died
3000 sea otters died
Hundreds of seals and bald eagles and several whales died.
Cost to clean up was 2.5 billion dollars.
It’s been over 20 years and L of oil still remains.

12. Oil Spills on Water
Oil is the most common pollutant of water. More than 3 million tonnes of oil pollute earth’s water systems each year.
Most come from run off and wastes from large cities and industries
Oil does not mix with water. It floats on top because it is less dense than water.
This fact makes it easier to clean oil spills but only if the water is calm

13. The Impact on the Environment
Cause
Effect
Oil coat the plants living on nearby shorelines
The oil blocks the sunlight and prevents gas exchange so plants die
Oil breaks into smaller particles and is ingested by zooplankton and small fish
The ingested oil becomes part of the marine food chain
Oil coats the feathers and fur of birds and mammals.
Oil reduces the insulating ability. Animals die from the cold
The animal is much less buoyant in the water
Oiled feathers make it difficult for birds to fly
When the animals try to clean themselves they ingest the oil which causes kidney failure
The damage depends on:
Type of oil
Location of the spill
Size of spill

14. Clean up Methods The choice of which methods to use on a spill depends on factors such as cost, time, and environmental impacts.
Method
Description
Example
Booms
Oil is easier to clean up if it is contained in one area. Booms are large, floating barriers that act like a fence
Skimmers
Are machine like vacuum cleaners that pull up the oil from the surface of the water. The water must be calm in order to skimmers to be effective

15. Clean up Methods Method Description Example Sorbents
Are large sponge like materials that absorb the oil. Problem is when the oil soaked sorbents become denser than the water and sink
Dispersants
Are chemicals that act like detergents and break the layer of oil into smaller pieces. The oil remains in the water where it continue to be harmful
Burning
Burning the oil can remove over 90% of the spill but the spill must be 3mm thick and have happened recently. Problem is when high winds don’t allow the burning to occur

16. Clean up Method Method Description Example Bioremediation
Involves using bacteria and fungi to break down oil. Problem is it takes a very long time to clean up.

17. Oil Spills on Land
A lot of the oil pollution in water originally occurred on land.
In Canada, and average of 12 spill of more than 4000 L are reported every day. An average of 11 of these spills occur on land
Run offs brings this oil into the water system.
Methods used to clean up oil spill on land are similar to those used for an oil spill on water.
Booms are place and sorbents are used.