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Lecture 15 Slides rh
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AMINO ACID CATABOLISM
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fate of amino nitrogen in mammals
fig 18-1
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metabolism of amino nitrogen in liver
fig 18-2
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nitrogen removal molecules…
fig 18-2
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metabolism of amino nitrogen in liver
fig 18-2
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transamination reaction
pg 677
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fig 18-5
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chemistry of the PLP aldehyde: Schiff base formation fig 18-5
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PLP reactions: decarboxylation, deamination, racemazation
fig 18-6
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PLP reactions: the transamination two-step...
fig 18-6
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oxidative deamination: from amino group to ammonia
fig 18-7
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oxidative deamination: from amino group to ammonia
genetic disorder from loss of GTP allosteric control… fig 18-7 NOT
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metabolism of amino nitrogen in liver
fig 18-2
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glutamine as a carrier of NH3 from tissue to liver fig 18-8
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metabolism of amino nitrogen in liver
fig 18-2
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shuttling of NH4+ from muscle to liver reminiscent of the Cori cycle, yes? actual fig 18-9
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the urea cycle as a method of safely disposing of all that NH3+ fig 18-19
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fig 18-10
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fig 18-10
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logic of the urea cycle: NH4+, aspartate, and CO2
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making a transferable carbamoyl group…
fig 18-11
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transferring that carbamoyl group…
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transfering that carbamoyl group…
ornithine citruline
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adding a good leaving group…
citruline ATP
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using that good leaving group to do chemistry…
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using that good leaving group to do chemistry…
fig 18-11
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production of arginine…
+ fumarate
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liberation of urea… arginine H2O urea!! ornithine
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we must consume amino acids…
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catabolism of amino acids: (most) roads lead to the Krebs cycle
fig 18-15
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amino acids are used to make many things fig 18-22
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epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine tyrosine gaminobuterate
things from amino acids… epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine tyrosine gaminobuterate (glutamate) glutamate tryptophan serotonin arginine NO neurotransmitters!
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glycine porphyrins glycine creatine arginine things from amino acids…
stop
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things from amino acids… glutathione! fig 22-27
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diseases of amino acid catabolism fig 18-23
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an example: pheylketonurea or PKU fig 18-23
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an example: pheylketonurea or PKU aspartame fig 18-23
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AMINO ACID ANABOLISM
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it’s a legume! fixes nitrogen
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N2 NH4+ NOx NH4+ in a.a. conversion to needed compounds
Usual route of N from atmosphere to mammalian metabolism N2 nitrogen fixation nitrifying bacteria NH4+ NOx plants, some bacteria conversion to needed compounds mammalian diet NH4+ in a.a.
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nitrogenase at the heart of N2 fixation very sensitive to O2!!!!!
fig 22-2
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symbiosis of N2 fixing bacteria
a protected environment: leghemoglobin fig 22-4
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glutamine synthetase glutamate + ATP + NH4+ glutamine + ADP + Pi
fig 22-5
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allosteric regulation of glutamine synthetase fig 22-6
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glutamine amidotransferases
gln S NH3+ S S NH3+
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amino acids are synthesize from Krebs, glycolysis and pentose
phosphate pathways Table 22-01
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classic allosteric regulation of amino acid synthesis
fig 22-21
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interlocking regulation of multiple pathways by allosteric regulation
fig 22-22
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Lecture 16 Slides rh
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Nucleotide Metabolism
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nucleotide nucleoside
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a key molecule in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
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purines: where does all them darn atoms come from??
fig 22-32
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fig 22-33
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fig 22-33
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ETC. fig 22-33, sorta
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inosine, built “on the ribose” to make IMP fig 22-33, still
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and inosinate begat adenylate and xanthylate, and xanthylate
begat guanylate… fig 22-34
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regulation of the early steps of purine synthesis fig 22-35
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pyrimidine biosynthesis orotate, built “off the ribose” fig 22-36
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pyrimidine biosynthesis OTP then modified to CTP, etc fig 22-36
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fig 22-38
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1) de novo synthesis (see above)
Two ways for mammals to make and/or use purines and pyrimidines 1) de novo synthesis (see above) 2) salvage pathways Ad + PRPP AMP + PP
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1) de novo synthesis (see above)
Two ways for mammals to make and/or use purines and pyrimidines 1) de novo synthesis (see above) 2) salvage pathways hypoxanthine + PRPP IMP + PP Lesch-Nyhan disease
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1) de novo synthesis (see above)
Two ways for mammals to make and/or use purines and pyrimidines 1) de novo synthesis (see above) 2) salvage pathways pyrimidine salvage is similar but not well understood in mammals…
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inhibitors of glutamine amindo- transferases chemo- therapeutics fig 22-48
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remember the “D” in DNA??? either or fig 22-39
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what’s the difference between T and U?? fig 22-44
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where the THF gets its methy... fig 22-44
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more chemotherapeutics
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inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase cycle
fig 22-49
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catabolism of purines… xanthine oxidase fig 22-45
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fig 22-45
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out with gout!!! 1735
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out with gout!!! xanthine oxidase too active fig 22-47
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out with gout!!! xanthine oxidase inhibitor fig 22-47
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