1. Prenatal Development

2. State Standard
53) Evaluate and provide evidence of the process of fertilization, mitosis, and meiosis, then outline the timeline and phases of development of a fetus, from fertilization until birth. Describe the abnormalities that can occur at each phase, including genetic disorders and other congenital complications.

3. Objectives
Students will explore the timeline of fetal development month by month.
Students will identify structures formed during the differing stages of pregnancy.
Students will apply knowledge learned and complete case study lab activities to determine if sample fetuses are growing correctly.

4. From Conception to Birth
3 stages of conception
Period of the Zygote
Period of the Embryo
Period of the Fetus

5. Period of the Zygote Begins when the egg is fertilized.
Period of rapid cell division
Ends 2 weeks later when the zygote is implanted in the wall of the uterus
Discussion: Applying what you learned about female anatomy, where is the egg fertilized?

6. Period of the Zygote

7. Period of the Zygote
Discussion: Theorize that 2 eggs are fertilized in the fallopian tube, one in the right tube and one in the left tube. Only the right one implants in the uterine lining. The other becomes lodged in a narrowing of the left fallopian tube. Describe each egg using the terminology that you have learned.

8. Period of the Embryo From 3 to 8 weeks after conception
Prenatal Structures begin to form in the mother.
Body parts of the embryo are formed during this period
Discussion: During this period where is the embryo housed? Applying what you learned about the menstrual cycle, what is nourishing the embryo?

9. Prenatal Structures
Once fertilization occurs the mothers body begins to create structures to house, nourish, and protect the growing baby.
The Embryo is attached to the nutrient lining of the uterus and begins to grow there.
The Placenta begins to develop-It nourishes the baby as it grows and releases hormones. The baby is attached to the placenta by the umbilical cord.
The amniotic sac forms and fills with amniotic fluid which surrounds the baby for protection.

10. Prenatal Structures

11. Discussion
Applying what you have previously learned about the placenta, what other body system is it a part of? Why is it a part of that system?

12. Period of the Fetus From 9 weeks after conception to birth
Increase in size and systems begin to function
Age of viability: 22 to 28 weeks
Discussion: In the early weeks of pregnancy, the fetus is very vulnerable, what substances taken in by the mother can cause harm to the growing fetus?

13. First Month
By the end of the first month, the embryo is about 1/10 of an inch long. The heart, which is no larger than a poppy seed, has begun beating.

14. First Month

15. Two Months
The embryo is about 1 inch long and has distinct, slightly webbed fingers. Veins are clearly visible. The heart has divided into right and left chambers.

16. Two Months

17. Three Months
By now the fetus is 2 1/2 to 3 inches long and is fully formed. He or she has begun swallowing and kicking. All organs and muscles have formed and are beginning to function.

18. 3 Months

19. Four Months
The fetus is covered with a layer of thick, downy hair called lanugo. His or her heartbeat can be heard clearly. Kicks may be felt.

20. 4 months

21. Five Months
A protective coating called vernix caseosa begins to form on baby's skin. By the end of this month, the baby will be nearly 8 inches long and weigh almost a pound.

23. Six Months
Eyebrows and eyelids are visible. The baby's lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, and he or she has started breathing motions. The baby is able to hear the mothers voice.

24. 6 Months

25. Seven Months
By the end of the seventh month, the baby weighs about 3 1/2 pounds and is about 12 inches long. His or her body is well-formed. Fingernails cover the fingertips

26. 7 Months

27. Eight Months
The baby is gaining about half a pound per week, and layers of fat are piling on. He or she has probably turned head-down in preparation for birth, and weighs between 4 and 6 pounds.

28. 8 months

29. Nine Months
The baby is a hefty 6 to 9 pounds and measures between 19 and 22 inches. As he or she becomes more crowded, the baby will move less

30. 9 Month baby in the womb

31. Conception to Birth video
12 minutes

32. Activity
With a partner complete the Fetal Development lab activity located on the class website. Read the information at the top of the activity and follow the directions.
You will be determining if your patients from the fertility activity that you have previously done have a normally progressing pregnancy.
Complete the analysis questions together
Complete the review questions individually

33. The Birth Process

34. State Standard
Evaluate and provide evidence of the process of fertilization, mitosis, and meiosis, then outline the timeline and phases of development of a fetus, from fertilization until birth. Describe the abnormalities that can occur at each phase, including genetic disorders and other congenital complications.

35. Objectives Students will explore the 4 stages of birth
Students will identify the cervical dilation
Students will identify changes in the infant during the birth process.
Students will create an education brochure that could be given to a primagravida mother.

36. Terminology
A woman who has never been pregnant is referred to as a nulligravida.
 A woman who is pregnant for the first time is referred to as a primigravida.
A woman in subsequent pregnancies as a multigravida
Discussion: As part of our objectives, we will be educating a primigravida mother on the process of labor and birth, apply your terminology and explain why we chose that population to educate.

37. 4 stages of birth
Stage 1 Thinning (effacement) and opening (dilation) of the cervix
1. Early labor
2. Active labor
3.  Transition to second stage
Stage 2 Baby moves through the birth canal
Stage 3 Delivery of the placenta
Stage 4 Recovery period
Discussion: Applying what you know about female anatomy, what structures must the baby move through to exit the body?

38. Effacement and Dilation of the Cervix
Effacement- thinning of the cervix
Dilation- increase in size of the opening of the cervix
Measured from 1 to 10
The cervix must be completely dilated to 10 for the baby to move through the cervix
Discussion: The cervix effaces and dilates due to pressure. During contractions more pressure is put on the cervix causing it to efface and dilate more, what structure of the baby is putting this pressure on the cervix?

39. Effacement and Dilation

40. Dilation to 10 cm

41. Stage 1- Early Labor Cervix opens to about 4 cm
Contractions progress from mild to stronger
Contractions should be around seconds long
5-30 minutes between contractions
Early labor lasts around 8-12 hours
Discussion: During this time strain is put on the amniotic sac and fluid, theorize what will also happen during this stage.

42. Stage 1-Active labor Cervix is dilated to 4-7 cm
Contractions last around 60 seconds
3-4 minutes between contractions
Cervix dilates around 1 cm per hour
Discussion: Calculate how long it should take for a woman who is 4 cm dilated to get to 10 cm in active labor.

43. Stage 1-Transition to Second Stage
Cervix dilates from 7-10 cm
Most painful time
Contractions last seconds
Every 2-3 minutes
Discussion: What procedure can be done during this stage of labor to help with pain management?

44. Stage 2 Baby begins to move through the birth canal
Once the cervix is completely dilated and effaced
Extreme urge to push in conjunction with the contractions.
The length of the second stage depends on the number of births the patient has had, the presentation of the baby, and the size of the baby.
Discussion: Theorize who will spend a longer time in stage 2 of labor a primigravida or multigravida?

46. Delivery
In a normal delivery the head of the infant will present at the opening of the vagina.
The opening of the vagina may have to be enlarged by a procedure called episiotomy to prevent tearing.
Once the head is delivered, the shoulders are delivered one at a time, then the rest of the body.
The umbilical cord is clamped and cut

48. Stage 3 Delivery of the placenta
Uterus continues to contract to expel the placenta
Usually around 5-15 minutes
Discussion: Applying what you know about the placenta, theorize why it is delivered after the baby and not before?

49. Stage 4 Recovery stage Time of bonding between family and the baby
Begin breastfeeding if choose to do so.
Uterus begins to clamp down and become smaller.
Fundus of the Uterus is checked to ensure it is clamping down.
Discussion: Theorize why the uterus needs to clamp down and become smaller.

50. Fundal checks

51. Vaginal Birth Animation
3 minutes

52. C-section Birth animation
3 minutes and 30 seconds

53. Activity
You will be creating an Educational Brochure for a primagravida patient detailing the 4 stages of labor, explaining cervical dilation and effacement with visual representation, and explaining the purpose of fundal checks. You may also add any other information you find helpful. This needs to look professional, be colorful, and creative.

54. Video of Fetal Development and Birth
Warning this will end with the birth of a baby, there is about 30 seconds of a vaginal birth
Stages of Pregnancy, Genes, and Birth
1 hour 30 minutes