1. Translation

2. Translation

3. Translation

4. Protein Synthesis Interactions Animation
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5. Somatic Cell Division - Mitosis
The cell cycle is a sequence of events in which a body cell duplicates its contents and divides in two
Human somatic cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
(total = 46)
The two chromosomes that make up each pair are called homologous chromosomes (homologs)
Somatic cells contain two sets of chromosomes and are called diploid cells

6. Cell Division Interphase - the cell is not dividing
- The cell replicates its DNA
- Consists of three phases, G1, S, and G2, replication of DNA occurs in the S phase Mitotic phase - consists of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to form two identical cells

7. The Cell Cycle

8. DNA Replication

9. Nuclear Division: Mitosis
Prophase - the chromatin fibers change into chromosomes.
Metaphase - microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase - the chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell; the chromatids are now called chromosomes.
Telophase - two identical nuclei are formed around the identical sets of chromosomes now in their chromatin form.

10. Cytoplasmic Division: Cytokinesis
Division of a cell’s cytoplasm to form two identical cells
Usually begins in late anaphase
The plasma membrane constricts at its middle, forming a cleavage furrow
The cell eventually splits into two daughter cells.
Interphase begins when cytokinesis is complete .

11. Mitosis 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
(a) INTERPHASE
Centrioles
Centrosome:
Cleavage furrow
(e) TELOPHASE
(c) METAPHASE 2 3 4 5
Cleavage
furrow
(b) PROPHASE
Fragments of
nuclear envelope
Mitotic spindle
(microtubules)
Kinetochore
Metaphase plate
Chromosome
all at 700x LM
(two chromatids
joined at
centromere
Centromere 1
Early
Late
(d) ANAPHASE
Pericentriolar material
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
(a) INTERPHASE
Centrioles
Centrosome:
(f) IDENTICAL CELLS IN INTERPHASE
Cleavage furrow
(e) TELOPHASE
(c) METAPHASE
Cleavage
furrow 2 3 4 5 6
(b) PROPHASE
Fragments of
nuclear envelope
Mitotic spindle
(microtubules)
Kinetochore
Metaphase plate
Chromosome
all at 700x LM
Centromere
(two chromatids
joined at
centromere 1
Pericentriolar material
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
(a) INTERPHASE
Centrioles
Centrosome:
all at 700x LM 1
Early
Late
(d) ANAPHASE
Pericentriolar material
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Chromosome
(a) INTERPHASE
Centrioles
Centrosome:
(c) METAPHASE 2 3 4
Cleavage
furrow
(b) PROPHASE
Fragments of
nuclear envelope
Mitotic spindle
(microtubules)
Kinetochore
Metaphase plate
all at 700x LM
(two chromatids
joined at
centromere
Centromere 1
Pericentriolar material
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Metaphase plate
(a) INTERPHASE
Centrioles
Centrosome:
(c) METAPHASE 2 3
Late
Early
(b) PROPHASE
Fragments of
nuclear envelope
Mitotic spindle
(microtubules)
Kinetochore
all at 700x LM
Chromosome
(two chromatids
joined at
centromere
Centromere 1
Late
Early
Pericentriolar material
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Chromosome
(two chromatids
joined at
centromere
(a) INTERPHASE
(b) PROPHASE
Centrioles
Centrosome:
Fragments of
nuclear envelope
Mitotic spindle
(microtubules)
Kinetochore 2
all at 700x LM
Centromere
Mitosis

12. Mitosis

13. Mitosis

14. Mitosis

15. Mitosis

16. Mitosis

17. Mitosis

18. Reproductive Cell Division
During sexual reproduction, each new organism is the result of the union of two gametes (fertilization), one from each parent.
Meiosis - reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
Haploid cells - gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes.
Fertilization restores the diploid number of chromosomes (46).

19. Reproductive Cell Division
Meiosis occurs in two successive stages: meiosis I and meiosis II .
Each of these two stages has 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Summary - Meiosis I begins with a diploid cell and ends with two cells having the haploid number of chromosomes; in Meiosis II, each of the two haploid cells divides, and the net result is four haploid gametes that are genetically different from the original diploid starting cell.

20. Meiosis and Cytokinesis

21. Comparison
of Mitosis
and Meiosis

22. Cell Division Interactions Animation
The Cell Cycle and Division Processes
Interactions Animation
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23. Cellular Diversity The average adult has nearly 100 trillion cells.
There are about 200 different types of cells.
Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Cellular diversity permits organization of cells into more complex tissues and organs.

24. End of Chapter 3
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