1. Supporting Your Message
Chapter 9
Supporting Your Message

2. Figure 8.1 Grounds, Claims and Warrants

3. Figure 8.2 Supporting a claim

4. Claims Claims of Fact Claims of value Claims of policy
Something is true or false
Claims of value
Good or bad, right or wrong
Claims of policy
Something should be done

5. Grounds Examples Facts
A specific instance that represents some larger class
Relevance? Enough instances? Typical example? Counterexamples?
Facts
Something that is verifiable as true
Reliable source? Verifiable? Recent? Consistent? 2

6. Grounds Statistics Expert opinion
Numerical summaries of data that are classified in a meaningful way
Reliable source? Unbiased questions? Representative sample? Meaning of “average”?
Expert opinion
Quotation from someone with special credentials in the subject matter
Source expertise? Reliability? Bias? 3

7. Grounds Description Explanation Word picture of something
Accurate? Vivid?
Explanation
Account, interpretation, or meaning given to something
Clear? Accurate? 4

8. Grounds
Narrative
Extended story that is fully developed with characters, scene, action, and plot
Probability (coherence/ believability)?
Fidelity (close to real-life experiences)? 5

9. Warrants
Authority
Generalization
Comparison (analogy)
Causal
Sign 5

10. Figure 8.4 Relationship between establishing and applying generalization