1. General RFID Presentation
3 January 2016
Dr Maitland Hyslop
This presentation describes the general value proposition and approach of DCGL. It can be used, with accreditation, by viewers and contains both opensource and DCGL (2016) Copyright material.

2. The DCGL Value Proposition
DCGL is not an RFID vendor;
DCGL is a system and supply chain architect;
DCGL deploys context, risk, dependency and organisational resilience and security principles to design first class solutions;
DCGL works with top quality vendors to provide top quality RFID solutions;
DCGL resolves problems caused by vendor focussed as opposed to solution focussed designs;
DCGL runs and maintains the Middle East Centre of RFID Excellence;
DCGL partners with GS1 Standards Organisation.
27/11/2018
Copyright Durham Consulting Group Limited 2016

3. Copyright Durham Consulting Group Limited 2016
DCGL Track Record
Oil Offshore – complete oil rig RFID design and implementation;
Oil Onshore – drill pipe and service equipment management and ‘leakage’ solutions;
Airport – resolution of baggage handling issues;
Rail: integrated technology solution;
Sea: cargo and anti-piracy solutions;
Road: truck, trailer, depot management solutions;
Cash – In – Transit;
Credit Cards
‘High Value’ –In-Transit;
Health: Hospitals, Pharma, Instruments, Patients.
27/11/2018
Copyright Durham Consulting Group Limited 2016

4. INTRODUCTION
DCGL offers Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID), Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS), and Satellite/GPS/Cell asset tracking solutions for fixed and mobile assets in the:
Oil & gas, logistics and health industries - including equipment, drill pipe, and rig management systems onshore and offshore;
Vehicle/vessel/train/’plane and cargo tracking;
Pharma/instruments/people/facilities tracking and monitoring.
These systems improve operational efficiency and minimise the costs associated with lost, misplaced or stolen assets and improve operational efficiency.

5. CORPORATE DRIVERS Asset Visibility; Asset Utilisation;
Asset Shrinkage;
Supply Chain Management;
Improved Efficiency;
Time, Effort, Money;
Clear ROI.

6. ASSET VISIBILITY Asset visibility is important for:
Proper management accounting;
Sarbanes Oxley and other compliance issues;
Efficiency (next slide).
DCGL makes assets visible through a combination of RFID tags, readers, links to ERP systems, RTLS systems, geofences, and mapping technologies, and satellite- based (GPS) tracking devices.

7. ASSET UTLISATION Asset utilisation is important for:
Proper management accounting and profit;
Stock turn;
Efficiency.
DCGL improves asset utilisation by making sure all assets are accounted for – this in turn relieves the issue of carrying too much stock and thereby improves stock turn.

8. ASSET SHRINKAGE
Asset shrinkage is a problem in all parts of the world. Asset shrinkage has an impact on:
Stock;
Utilisation;
Profit;
Reputation.
DCGL makes assets visible through a combination of RFID tags, readers, links to ERP systems, RTLS systems, geofences, and mapping technologies, and satellite- based (and other) tracking devices.

9. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Management of the supply chain;
Visibility of the supply chain;
Traceability within the supply chain.
RFID and associated technologies have been used in the motor industry to control the supply chain for over 30 years.

10. IMPROVED EFFICIENCY The combination of: Improved Visibility;
Improved Utilisation;
Less Shrinkage;
Improved Supply Chain Management.
Leads to improved efficiency.

11. CLEAR ROI
Tracking solutions from DCGL and Partners lead to improved productivity, reduced costs, and lowered insurance premiums – providing a quick return on investment.
In addition users can reduce satellite airtime costs by continually optimising the reporting rate of each terminal using programmable geofences.
These geofences can automatically increase the reporting rate when transporting high-value assets in challenging areas, and switch to a less frequent reporting rate when the assets has reached its destination

12. RFID BASICS
Tags
LF;
HF;
VHF.
Readers
Integration

13. LF TAGS
LF RFID
The LF band covers frequencies from 30 KHz to 300 KHz. This frequency band provides a short read range of 10 cm, and has slower read speed than the higher frequencies, but is not very sensitive to radio wave interference.
LF RFID applications include access control and livestock tracking.
The LF spectrum is not considered a truly global application because of slight differences in frequency and power levels throughout the world.

14. HF TAGS
HF RFID
                                                  
The HF band ranges from 3 to 30 MHz. Most HF RFID systems operate at MHz with read ranges between 10 cm and 1 m.
HF systems experience moderate sensitivity to interference.
HF RFID is commonly used for ticketing, payment, and data transfer applications.

15. UHF TAGS
UHF RFID
The UHF frequency band covers the range from 300 MHz to 3 GHz
RFID systems in most countries operate between 900 and 915 MHz.
The read range of passive UHF systems can be as long as 12 m, and UHF RFID has a faster data transfer rate than LF or HF. UHF RFID is the most sensitive to interference, but many UHF product manufacturers have found ways of designing tags, antennas, and readers to keep performance high even in difficult environments. Passive UHF tags are easier and cheaper to manufacture than LF and HF tags.
UHF RFID is used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from retail inventory management, to pharmaceutical anti-counterfeiting, to wireless device configuration. The bulk of new RFID projects are using UHF opposed to LF or HF, making UHF the fastest growing segment of the RFID market.
The UHF frequency band is regulated by a single global standard called the ECPglobal Gen2 (ISO C) UHF standard.

16. SUMMARY TAGS UHF Single worldwide Gen2 standard
20x the range and speed of HF
Labels cost 5¢–$30in 2015
The technology for item tagging
HF and LF
Multiple competing standards
HF-based NFC for secure payment
Labels, cards, inlays cost 50¢–$2
Used in immobilizers, ticketing, payment

17. READERS
RFID Readers
An RFID reader, also known as an interrogator, is a device that provides the connection between the tag data and the enterprise system software that needs the information.
The reader uses an attached antenna to capture data from tags. It then passes the data to a computer for processing.
Readers can be affixed in a stationary position in a store or factory, or integrated into a mobile device such as a portable, handheld scanner. Readers can also be embedded in electronic equipment or devices, and in vehicles.

18. READERS 2 Reader Antennas
RFID readers and reader antennas work together to read tags.
The two most common antenna types are linear- and circular-polarized antennas. Antennas that radiate linear electric fields have long ranges, focus and high power. Conversely, antennas that radiate circular fields are shorter range, less sensitive to orientation, but are not able to deliver as much power as linear antennas.
Choice of antenna is also determined by the distance between the RFID reader and the tags that it needs to read. This distance is called read range. Reader antennas operate in either a "near-field" (short range) or "far-field" (long range.

19. READER CONTROL AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Reader control and application software, also known as middleware, helps connect RFID readers with the applications they support. The middleware sends control commands to the reader and receives tag data from the reader.

20. ACTIVE RFID SYSTEMS
In active RFID systems, tags have their own transmitter and power source. Usually, the power source is a battery. Active tags broadcast their own signal to transmit the information stored on their microchips.
Active RFID systems typically operate in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band and offer a range of up to 100 m. In general, active tags are used on large objects, such as rail cars, big reusable containers, and other assets that need to be tracked over long distances.

21. PASSIVE RFID SYSTEMS
In passive RFID systems, the reader and reader antenna send a radio signal to the tag. The RFID tag then uses the transmitted signal to power on, and reflect energy back to the reader.
Passive RFID systems can operate in the low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) or ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio bands. As passive system ranges are limited by the power of the tag’s backscatter (the radio signal reflected from the tag back to the reader), they are typically less than 10 m. Because passive tags do not require a power source or transmitter, and only require a tag chip and antenna, they are cheaper, smaller, and easier to manufacture than active tags.
Passive RFID solutions are useful for many applications, and are commonly deployed to track goods in the supply chain, to inventory assets in the retail industry, to authenticate products such as pharmaceuticals, and to embed RFID capability in a variety of devices. Passive RFID can even be used in warehouses and distribution centers, in spite of its shorter range, by setting up readers at choke points to monitor asset movement.

22. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY: F.T.D
DCGL assessment methodology is based on:
Frequency of reporting and events cycles
Frequency of the instance
Frequency of the reporting cycle, allowing us to
Consider the appropriate Radio Frequency
DCGL improve the metric by examining the extent to which the Technology can take up the responsibility and redundancy management of any part of the Logistics.
DCGL assess the Data load of the overall architecture to ensure that the sizing of local, campus wide and cross campus IT traffic and integrity is maintained in any and all circumstances.
DCGL experience means DCGL can map the plan of implementation for timely delivery 100%.

23. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY: S.E.A.
S.E.A. is fundamental to ensuring a positive outcome.
Our process is further improved by adding the Standards mandates, the Standards requirements and the Standards codes and protocols essential to the validation of Facility Based and Field based Operations, combined with cost reduction and speed to market dynamics over time.
DCGL further improve the metric by assessing the Environment in which the Facility is staffed, likely to incur, for instance, an emergency evacuation process, or the overall asset register involved.
DCGL consider how the Operating Unit will operate and add consideration of Equipment failure, diversion and redundancy.
DCGL consider the Repair, Refurbishment and replacement asset plan, Asset Life Cycle and MRO Plan to include the Applications that are running, the Application change models likely in regulation and governmental models.

24. SUMMARY
RFID Solutions are effective in stock and supply chain management because:
They improve Visibility;
They improve Utilisation;
They reduce Shrinkage.
And effect better management by an effective and planned combination of:
Tags;
Readers;
Integration.
Planned properly and in detail to ensure a cost –effective solution that works..