Methods in Transport Geography

Methods in Transport Geography
CHAPTER 10

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The contents of this document can be freely used for personal or classroom use ONLY. Although the material contained in this document is freely available, it is not public domain. Its contents, in whole or in part (including graphics and datasets), cannot be copied and published in ANY form (printed or electronic) without consent. If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a content farm), keep in mind that this party is illegally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source ( instead of the third party. Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication, such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media must be requested prior to use. Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2018) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

An Overview of Methods in Transport Geography
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Models in Transport Geography
Distance (Impedance) Accessibility Data Requirements Spatial Interactions / Routing Transportation / Land Use Models Complexity Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Taxonomy of Transport Geography Methods
Transportation-Related Multidisciplinary Geography-Related Network Analysis (Graph Theory). Land Use / Transportation Interactions. Flow/Location Allocation Models. Cartography. Geographic Information Systems. Descriptive Statistics, (e.g. Gini Coefficient). The Four-Stage Urban Transportation Model. Travel/traffic Surveys. Questionnaires, Interviews Graphs and Charts. Inferential Statistics. Environmental Impact Assessment. Risk Assessment. Policy Analysis. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Graph Theory: Definition and Properties

Graph Representation of a Real Network

Basic Graph Representation of a Transport Network
Buckle 1 2 Edge (Link) 5 3 4 Vertex (Node) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Planar and Non-Planar Graphs
B Planar Non-Planar Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Simple and Multigraph Road Road & Rail Rail Simple Graphs Multigraph

Connections and Paths Path (1 to 3) Connection 2 4 1 3 A Link 1 2 3 B

Length of a Link, Connection or Path
4 km 2 3 2 km 2 km 1 6 km 6 3 km 5 km 2 km 4 5 7 km Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cycles and Circuits Cycle Circuit Cycle 2 3 1 6 4 5

Ego Network Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Nodal Region Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Dual Graph Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Connectivity in a Graph
1 1 A B 2 3 2 3 4 4 5 6 5 6 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Complementary Graph 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 5 4 5 4 5 G X Y

Root Node 2 3 7 1 6 Root 4 5 8 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Tree Graph 2 7 3 1 5 Root 4 8 6 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Articulation Node Removed Removed A B C (Connected) (Unconnected) 2 1
3 4 3 4 3 4 A B (Connected) C (Unconnected) 5 5 5 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Isthmus Connection Isthmus 1 3 4 5 2

Graph Theory: Indexes and Measures

Diameter of a Graph Shimbel Distance v 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diameter = 4 2 4
1 3 5 Diameter = 4 7 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Diameter of a Graph - 2 A B d = 2 d = 3 C D d = 4 d = 3 2 4 2 4 1 3 1
5 2 4 6 2 4 6 C D d = 4 d = 3 1 3 5 1 3 5 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Number of Cycles in a Graph
v p u A 3 5 2 B 1 C 4 D 7 6 C D Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cost Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Hierarchy Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transitivity Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Order of a Node 2 2 1 4 3 A B Order (o) 2 1 2 3 Perfect spoke 3 1 1 5 C Perfect hub 2 2 2 D 1 1 1 3 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Pi Index and the Shape of Transportation Networks
D(d) L(G) Highly developed (High Pi) Least developed (Low Pi) Source: adapted from Kansky (1963), p. 23 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Eta Index A B L(G) e Eta A 80 km 5 16.0 B 7 11.4

Theta Index A B Q(G) v Theta A 3,500 t 6 583.3 B 8 437.5

Iota Index A B Order (o) 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 4 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 L(G) W(G)
80 23 3.47 B 22 3.63 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Beta Index A B C D e v Beta A 2 4 0.5 B 3 0.75 C 1.0 D 5 1.25

Alpha Index A B C D u (e-v+p) 2v-5 Alpha A 3 0.0 B 1 0.33 C 2 0.66 D
3 0.0 B 1 0.33 C 2 0.66 D 1.0 C D Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Gamma Index A B C D e 3(v-2) Gamma A 4 9 0.44 B 6 0.66 C 8 0.88 D 1.0

Under construction Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T)

Geographic Information Systems and Transportation
Real World Encoding Representation model (space and data) Land Use Management Spatial – Thematic - Temporal Analysis Query – Operations - Modeling Flows Reporting Visualization and Cartography Transportation Network User Layers Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

GIS Data Models Real World Vector Raster

Space / Time GIS Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

GIS in the Value Chain Inbound Logistics
Optimization of warehouse usage; logistics modeling Sales and Marketing GIS as a market analysis tool; simulation of dispersion of new products; target marketing and advertising Services Route planning; dealer network maintenance; customer complaints; dispatch; maintenance forecasting Operations Enhancing the spatial content of process or product Outbound Logistics Route planning; fleet management; delivery assessment Source: adapted from Hendriks, P.H.J., (1998) “Information Strategies for Geographical Information Systems”, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 12, No. 6: pp Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transportation and Accessibility
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Relationship between Distance and Opportunities
High density Medium density Low density Opportunities Distance Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Topological and Contiguous Accessibility
f g Most Least Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Accessibility and Spatial Structure
1 1 A # of locations 2 2 Distance 1 B 1 2 2 1 1 2 C 2 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Simple Connectivity Matrix
Network A B C D E 1 A B C E D Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

More Complex Connectivity Matrix
Network A B C D E F G 1 C B A D G E F Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Total Accessibility Matrix (T-Matrix)
D E 3 1 2 4 A B C D E 1 A B C D E 1 = X T C2 C1 A B C D E  3 2 1 11 9 4 12 5 46 A B C D E 3 1 2 4 A B C D E 1 = + Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Shimbel Distance (D-Matrix)
Network A B C D E 1 A B C D E 1 A B =1 C E D D C2 D2 A B C D E  1 2 5 6 4 7 28 A B C D E 3 1 2 4 A B C D E 1 2 =2 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Valued Graph (L-Matrix)
Network A B C D E 10 7 12 ∞ 5 11 10 A B C 5 7 12 7 11 E D L2 L1 L1 A B C D E  10 7 12 14 43 5 16 11 30 18 57 51 194 A B C D E 10 7 12 ∞ 5 11 A B C D E 10 7 12 ∞ 5 11 = + Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Geographic Accessibility
D E 8 4 9 15 7 12 18 5 11 6 8 B A 4 7 C D 5 E 6 A(G) A B C D E  /n 8 4 9 15 7.2 7 12 18 9.0 5 11 5.4 6 6.4 10.0 38.0 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Potential Accessibility
D E 8 4 9 15 7 12 18 5 11 6 A 1200 B 900 C 1500 D 600 E 800 1200 8 B 900 A 7 4 C 600 1500 D 5 E 800 6 P(G) i\j A B C D E ∑i 1200.0 150.0 300.0 133.3 80.0 1863.3 112.5 900.0 128.6 75.0 50.0 1266.1 375.0 214.3 1500.0 136.4 2525.7 66.6 120.0 600.0 100.0 936.6 53.3 44.4 72.7 800.0 1103.7 ∑j 1807.4 1358.7 2121.3 1241.6 1166.4 7695.4 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Route Selection Process
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Traveling Salesperson Problem
1 1 10 km 2 2 5 km 5 km 15 km 8 km 3 8 km 3 10 km 4 5 4 5 9 km 9 km 8 km 8 km 15 km 6 6 Total = 62 km Total = 48 km Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Effect of Topography on Route Selection
1 c b a 3 2 Low elevation Medium elevation High elevation Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Effect of Transport Costs on Route Selection
1 2 3 Sea R2 (land) p1 p1 a a a p2 p2 R (land) R (land) R2 (sea) p3 R1 (land) R (sea) R (sea) p4 p4 Source: adapted from R. Tolley and B. Turton (1995) Transport Systems, Policy and Planning: A Geographical Approach, Burnt Mill, Harlow Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical, p. 54. b b b Land R1 (sea) R {C(sea) = C(land)} R1 {C(sea) > C(land)} R2 {C(sea) < C(land)} R {C(land) > C(sea)} Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cost Minimization and Efficiency Maximization in Route Selection
Costs Efficiency Compromise Low High Low High Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Network Data Models Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The ESRI Shapefile Model
Main file (*.shp) Index file (*.shx) dBase table (*.dbf) a a b b c c d d geom id shp_len type surface width lanes name 101 102 103 104 105 ... 4507.4 3491.1 2321.8 682.9 1279.1 ... 2 1 3 5 4 ... asphalt concrete gravel ... 85.3 45.1 75.9 35.2 60.3 ... 4 2 ... I95 Route 4 Pinewood Ridge Main ... Predefined fields custom fields Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Topology of a Network Data Model
Node Directional Link Bi-directional Link Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cartography of a Network Data Model
Oakway Campus West Ave. Central Park East Ave. City Hall 74 Maple Blvd. Highway One-way Main Street Traffic light Street Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Geocoding in a Network Data Model
219 220 211 212 209 210 197 East Ave. 191 189 188 East Ave. 172 170 151 150 8 16 Matching link and address range Address 9 15 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Routing in a Network Data Model
Start End Warehouse Pickup Turn penalty Route segment Delivery Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Relational Database Representation of a Simple Network
1 C 2 6 4 B 3 5 D E Links ID From To One_Way 1 A C Yes 2 B 3 D 4 No 5 E 6 Nodes ID Lat Long A B C D E Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Creation of a Connectivity Matrix with a Link Table
Links ID From To One_Way 1 C A Yes 2 B 3 D 4 No 5 E 6 Connectivity Matrix (C) A B C D E 1 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Turn Penalties at an Intersection
3 Turn Penalty Table – Node A From To Penalty 1 2 3 4 -1 2 A 4 1 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Object-Oriented Network Model
Transport Network Inheritance Connection Class Link Node ID Length Capacity … ID Capacity Impedance … Properties A B a Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Symbolization of Transport Features in a GIS

Visual Resources Color Geometry Hue Texture Intensity Shape Size
Orientation Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Category Ranges Gray Scale Pattern Hue Intensity

Visual Resources and Geographical Features
Location Direction Distance Movement Function Process Correlation Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cartographic Representation
Visual Resources Cartographic Representation Point representation Line representation Area representation Volumetric representation Tel. poles Phone line Animal range Point objects Tree Housing density Animals Airport objects Line X Q Highway Road density Stream Watershed Real World Phenomena Chemical spill Right of way Area objects Forest cover Administrative division Volumetric objects R Proportional symbol Open-pit mine Mountain range Valley Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Major Map Elements Title Locator Map Inset Frame Scale Inset
North Arrow Projection Credits Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Balancing the Importance of Graphic Elements
Most important information Visual Center Least important information Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Symbolization of Transport Features

Traffic Assignment Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Traffic Assignment Problem
Origin Path Selection Destination Generation Attraction Cost. Time. Number of connections Spatial Interaction Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Spatial Interactions and Traffic Assignment
k 50 36 i j k j 28 Origin / Destination Traffic in a Network Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Two Perspectives for Considering Traffic
Traffic Maximization Cost Minimization 1 Transport costs 2 Travel time Demand Assignment Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Heuristic Method for Traffic Maximization
Maximum Possible Traffic between A and F Step 1 Step 3 B 25 D B 5 20 D 30 15 A F 5 A F 25 C E 30 25 C E 30 20 25 25 Possible paths between A and F A-B-D-F, A-B-E-F and A-C-E-F A-B-E-F path (maximum traffic assignment = 10) Step 2 Step 4 B 5 B 5 D D 10 15 5 F A F A E 20 50 25 C 30 5 C E 25 5 A-C-E-F path (maximum traffic assignment = 20) Maximum traffic between A and F = 50 units. A-B-D-F path (maximum traffic assignment = 20) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Heuristic Method for Costs Minimization
35 Units at minimal cost Step 1 Step 3 B 25-2 D B 25-2 20-2 15-1 (15) D 30-1 20-2 15-1 0-1 (15) A F A F 35 25-1 C E 30-1 5 10-1 (15) C E 30 0-1 (30) 25-2 10-2 (30) Possible paths between A and B ordered by cost (least to most): 1) A-B-E-F, 2) A-C-E-F and 3) A-B-D-F Assignment on path 2 (A-C-E-F) = 15 units Step 2 Step 4 20-2 (10) 15-2 (10) 15-1 (15) B 25-2 B D 10-1 (20) D 20-2 0-1 (15) 0-1 (15) A F A F 20 15 25-1 C E 10-1 (15) C 10-2 (30) E 0-1 (30) 35 15-1 (15) 25-2 Assignment on path 3 (A-B-D-F) = 5 units Minimal cost = 130. Average cost = 3.7 per unit. Assignment on path 1 (A-B-E-F) = 15 units Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Types of Traffic Costs Global cost Demand d c b a Marginal cost (c-d)
cost (a-b) Demand Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Traffic Cost Functions
Non-linear cost function Cost g(Q(a,b)) Linear cost function c = 5 Traffic Q(a,b) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies& Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Morphology, Urban Transportation and OR
g1(qij) Spatial strategies Optimization g2(qij) Transport strategies Transport Costs g3(qij) Traffic assignment Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Technical Performance Indicators

Technical Performance Indicators
Passenger Freight Description Passenger / freight density passenger-km / km ton-km / km A standard measure of transport efficiency. Mean distance traveled passenger-km / passenger ton-km / ton A measure of the ground covering capacity of networks and different transport modes. Mean per capita ton output (freight) Mean number of trips per capita (passenger) passengers / population tons / population Used to measure the relative performance of transport modes. Mean occupation coefficient number of passengers aboard / total carrying capacity (%) actual load (ton) / overall load capacity (ton) (%) Particularly useful with increasing complexity of logistics associated with containerization of freight (i.e. of empty returns). Can also be used to measure transit ridership. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Common Economic Impact Indicators
Factors of production Scale-specific indicators Micro Macro Output / Capital Transport sector income / Local income Output / GDP Output / Labor Output / Local income Capital / Labor Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Continuous and Discontinuous Traffic

Levels of Service for Road Transportation (Vehicle per Lane per Hour)
Volume to Capacity Ratio 0.0 to 0.2 0.2 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.7 0.7 to 0.8 0.8 to 1.0 >1.0 Speed 2200 1440 1824 960 Source: Transportation Research Board (1994) Highway Capacity Manual, 3rd Edition, p. 3-9. sf = free flow speed v = volume. c = capacity a=0.15 and b=4 600 Traffic A B C D E F Level of Service Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Causes of Road Transportation Bottlenecks
Traffic interruption Lane reduction Merging Distraction Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Critical Density and Critical Speed
Capacity Volume Critical density Critical speed Density Speed Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Under Construction Source: OFFICE OF FREIGHT MANAGEMENT & OPERATIONS, FHWA Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Gini Coefficient Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Lorenz Curve 100 Perfect inequality line Lorenz curve
B A Lorenz curve Cumulative % of Y 50 Perfect equality line Gini = A/(A+B) 50 100 Cumulative % of X Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Traffic Concentration and Lorenz Curves
No concentration Some concentration High concentration A B C Cumulative Traffic Cumulative facilities Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Lorenz Curves of the World’s 50 Largest Container Ports, Passenger Airports and Freight Airports, 2010 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Lorenz Curves of the World’s 50 Largest Container Ports, Passenger Airports and Freight Airports, 2010 (Greyscale) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World’s 50 Largest Container Ports, Passenger Airports and Freight Airports, 2010
Sources: Airport Council International & Containerization International. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Lorenz and Perfect Inequality Differences

Calculation of the Index of Dissimilarity
X (% of terminals) Y (% of traffic) |X – Y| 0.10 0.25 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.00 0.08 0.02 0.07 0.03 1.0 0.65 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Calculation of the Gini Coefficient
𝐺=1− 𝑖=1 𝑁 𝜎 𝑌 𝑦−1 𝜎 𝑋 𝑖−1 − 𝜎𝑋 𝑖 =0.392 Y σX (Cumulative) σY (Cumulative) σYi-1 + σYi (A) σXi-1 – σXi (B) A*B 0.25 0.10 0.025 0.20 0.45 0.70 0.070 0.15 0.30 0.60 1.05 0.105 0.40 1.30 0.130 0.08 0.50 0.78 1.48 0.148 0.07 0.85 1.63 0.163 0.05 0.90 1.75 0.175 0.80 0.95 1.85 0.185 0.03 0.98 1.93 0.193 0.02 1.00 1.98 0.198 1.392 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Linear Programming Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Basic Linear Programing Objective Function
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑎 𝑏 𝑔 𝑄 𝑎,𝑏 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑄(𝑎,𝑏)≥0 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Graphic Formulation of the Distribution Problem
Factories (Unit Supply) 400 1500 900 A B C 100 50 80 10 60 20 40 30 Distribution Costs 200 90 70 110 W X Y Z 700 600 1000 500 Distributors (Demand) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Graphic Solution of the Distribution Problem
Factories (Unit Supply) 400 1500 900 A B C 300 600 Assignment 400 500 600 400 W X Y Z 700 600 1000 500 Distributors (Demand) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Linear Inequalities Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Optimal Solution Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Spatial Interactions and the Gravity Model

Conditions for the Realization of a Spatial Interaction
Complementarity Intervening Opportunity Transferability Demand Supply B B B C A A A Supply Demand Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Representation of a Movement as a Spatial Interaction
j Centroid i Tij = 50 j Centroid Vector Zone i Zone j Spatial Interaction Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Constructing an O/D Matrix
Spatial Interactions O/D Matrix A A B C D E Ti 50 60 30 90 20 80 120 10 100 Tj 280 40 390 B 50 60 C 30 20 30 90 80 E 10 D 20 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Relationship between Distance and Interactions
T(B-A) A B 1 T(C-A) A C 2 T(D-A) A D 3 Interaction 1 2 3 A B C D Distance (friction of) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Three Basic Interaction Models
General Formulation Tij 𝑇 𝑖𝑗 =𝑓 𝑉 𝑖 , 𝑊 𝑗 𝑆 𝑖𝑗 i j V Sij W j 20 Tij = 10.9 Bij = 4.9 i Ti = 3.8 2.2 Bik = 2.8 i j 3 35 7 Tji = 10.9 1.0 i j 35 20 0.6 6 k Sij = 8 l k 6 15 35 5 15 40 Gravity Model Potential Model Retail Model Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Application of an Elementary Spatial Interaction Equation
Elementary Formulation 2,000,000 2,000,000 𝑇 𝑖𝑗 =𝑘 𝑃 𝑖 𝑃 𝑗 𝐷 𝑖𝑗 800 km Y X 800 km W X Y Z Ti 100,000 50,000 25,000 175,000 Tj 350,000 400 km Z W k = (people per week) 1,000,000 2,000,000 Centroid (i) Distance (D) Interaction (T) Weight (P) Constant (k) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Application of a Simple Spatial Interaction Equation
Simple Formulation 2,000,000 2,000,000  = 0.95  = 1.05 𝑇 𝑖𝑗 =𝑘 𝑃 𝑖 𝛼 𝑃 𝑗 𝜆 𝐷 𝑖𝑗 𝛽 800 km Y X 800 km  = 1.00  = 0.90 W X Y Z Ti 71,378 6,059 2,203 36 8,298 19,420 153,893 Tj 244,692 252,990 400 km  = 1.25  = 1.03  = 0.96 Z W  = 1.2  = 0.7 k = (people per week) 1,000,000 2,000,000 Centroid (i) Distance (D) Interaction (T) Weight (P) Constant (k) Exponent Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Effects of beta, alpha and lambda on Spatial Interactions

Chicago’s Beta Values for Air Transportation, 1949-1989
Source: adapted from E.J. Taaffe, H.L. Gauthier and M.E. O'Kelly (1995) Geography of Transportation, Second Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, p. 223. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transportation / Land Use Modeling

Modeling Transportation / Land Use Relationships (under construction)
Static Modeling System Modeling Spatial Interactions Pi Origin Destination Accessibility Dij Distance decay Modeling Interactions between Systems Modeling in a Decision-taking Environment Land Use Spatial Interaction Transport Network Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Components of the Transportation / Land Use System
Economic base theory Location theory Traffic generation and attraction models Land Use Spatial interaction models Distance decay parameters Modal split Spatial Interactions Traffic assignment models Transport capacity Transportation Network Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Four-Stages Transportation / Land Use Model
Trip Generation Land Use Data Travel Generation Factors Friction of Distance Factors Calibration Factors Transportation Networks Trip Distribution Feedback Modal Split Source: adapted from EPA420-R Traffic Assignment Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Measuring the Transportation / Land Use System
B i2 i3 i1 i6 L 1 i4 L 2 i5 L 3 L 4 Administrative Divisions Land Use k T k k C I k D , T a 32 23 k I W b ab l l kl W I d I l e T I cd 6 c Modal node Traffic Intermodal node Centroid Mode k Traffic (Spatial Interactions) Transportation Network Mode l Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Lowry-Type Transportation / Land Use Model
Economic forecast Location of industrial employment Friction of distance Location of industrial employees’ residences Source: adapted from EPA420-R Location of service employment Friction of distance Location of service employees’ residences Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Integrated Land Use and Transportation Package
Trip Generation Household location DRAM Trip Distribution Employment location EMPAL Modal Split Economic forecast Source: adapted from EPA420-R Traffic Assignment Friction of distance Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

MEPLAN Transportation / Land Use Model
Rents Employment and Residences Locations and Trips Non-Exporting Employment and Total Population Trip Distribution Exporting Industry Employment Forecast Modal Choice Source: adapted from EPA420-R Traffic Assignment Friction of Distance Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Lowry Model Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Lowry Model Lowry Model A B C D E Input Data
Economic base submodel Calculate increment of residential population Calculate increment of population serving employment A. Basic employment by zone B. Residential attractor; travel cost matrix 1 2 C. Population - employment ratios D. Service activity rates Spatial allocation submodel Allocate increment of employees to zones of residence Allocate increment of service employment to zones of workplace E. Service attractor weights; travel cost matrix 3 4 Lowry Model Alter attractor weights No No Yes 1. Population 2. Employment No Convergence criterion met? Are increments of service employment and population within limits? Is population density within allowable limits? 3. Work trips 4. Service demands Yes Yes Constraints Output Data Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Evaluating Urban Transportation Quality

Roadway Levels of Service
Source: TRB (1994), Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, Transportation Research Board ( Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Maximum Traffic Volumes Per Level of Service (Passenger Cars Per Hour Per Lane)

Costs of Motor Vehicle Use in the U.S., 2000
Source: Todd Litman (2002) “Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis,” Victoria Transport Policy Institute [ Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Components of the MOBILE Emission Model
Fleet Characteristics Driving Characteristics Atmospheric Conditions Fuel Characteristics Emissions Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Inputs and Outputs of the MOBILE Emission Model
Volatility Class HC Emissions Temperature CO Emissions Reid Vapor Pressure Region NOx Emissions Year 8 categories of vehicles Average Speed Operating Mode Inputs Outputs Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Market Areas Analysis Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Market Threshold and Range
3 Market D(T) D(R) 1 Distance Customer 2 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Market Size and Threshold
City 50 Town Range (in km) 10 Village 5 1,000 10,000 100,000 Threshold (population served) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Market Profitability A Range B Threshold Threshold Range p R(A) p R(B)

The Optimal Shape of a Market Area
B 10 km E 20 km 17 km C D Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Non-Isotropic Conditions and the Shape of Market Areas
Modified Market Areas Low Average High Road Density Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Supply, Demand and Equilibrium Price
Demand Curve Supply Curve P2 P1 Price D Price S P2 P1 Q1 Q2 Demand Q1 Supply Q2 Equilibrium Price D S Price Pe Qe Quantity Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Derivation of a Market Area from a Supply / Demand Equilibrium
C Price P3 P3 A Quantity P2 Q1 P1 P2 Q2 Distance P1 P1 P2 Q2 Q1 Quantity B P3 Distance Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Demand Cone Quantity Distance Q1 Q2 P1 P2 P3
P1 Distance P2 P3 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transport Costs and Market Areas

Conventional Distance Decay Curves for Retail Activities
Department Store / Superstore Customers Grocery Store Convenience Store Distance Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Hotelling’s Principle of Market Competition
Price P1 P1 P2 A F1 F2 B Location Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Reilly’s Law a b 𝑀 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷 𝑎𝑏 1+ 𝑃 𝑏 𝑃 𝑎 Mab 75 km 100,000 250,000
𝑀 𝑎𝑏 = , , 𝑀 𝑎𝑏 =45.9 𝑀 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷 𝑎𝑏 𝑃 𝑏 𝑃 𝑎 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Reilly’s Law and Market Areas
30 b e 30 km 35 35 km a km a b c d e 21.4 19.7 9.4 17.3 14.6 10.3 5.6 12.7 55 15 km 20 d 30 km 15 c Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Huff’s Law a b 𝑃(𝐶 𝑎 )= 𝑃 𝑏 𝐷 𝑎 𝑎 𝑛 𝑃 𝑎 𝐷 𝑎𝑏 P(Ca)= 0.71 P(Cb)= 0.29
35.5 km a b 75 km 100,000 250,000 𝑃(𝐶 𝑎 )= 𝑃 𝑏 𝐷 𝑎 𝑎 𝑛 𝑃 𝑎 𝐷 𝑎𝑏 𝑃(𝐶 𝑎 )= 250, , , 𝑃(𝐶 𝑎 )=0.71 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

a b a b 𝑀 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷 𝑎𝑏 1+ 𝑃 𝑏 𝑃 𝑎 𝑃(𝐶 𝑎 )= 𝑃 𝑏 𝐷 𝑎 𝑎 𝑛 𝑃 𝑎 𝐷 𝑎𝑏
𝑀 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷 𝑎𝑏 𝑃 𝑏 𝑃 𝑎 Reilly’s Law Mab 45.9 km 29.1 km a b 75 km 𝑀 𝑎𝑏 = , , 𝑀 𝑎𝑏 =45.9 100,000 250,000 Huff’s Law P(Ca)= 0.71 P(Cb)= 0.29 𝑃(𝐶 𝑎 )= 𝑃 𝑏 𝐷 𝑎 𝑎 𝑛 𝑃 𝑎 𝐷 𝑎𝑏 35.5 km a b 75 km 𝑃(𝐶 𝑎 )= 250, , , 𝑃(𝐶 𝑎 )=0.71 100,000 250,000 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Location of Distribution Centers and Market Areas According to Response Time
7 days 5 days 3 days Next Day Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

GIS Methods to Estimate Market Areas
Concentric Circles Share by Polygon Star Map 45% 42% 62% 33% 39% 31% 5 10 15 min. 67% Store 78% 53% 49% 35% 25% 24% 41% 32% 5 min. 10 min. 15 min. 20 min. Spatial Smoothing Transport Distance Manual Polygon Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cost / Benefit Analysis

Inaccuracy of Transportation Project Cost Estimates by Type of Project
38.4% 62.4% 29.9% Source: adapted from Flyvbjerg, B. (2009) "Survival of the unfittest: why the worst infrastructure gets built—and what we can do about it", Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cost and Benefit Overruns Ratios by Type of Infrastructure Project
Source: adapted from Bent Flyvbjerg and Cass R. Sunstein (2015) “The Principle of the Malevolent Hiding Hand; or, the Planning Fallacy Writ Large” Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transportation Environmental Management

Environmental Practices
Match activities with environmental components What are the environmental components the logistics activities of the firm? Link environmental components with regulations What is the regulatory standing of each environmental component? Assess risks, impacts and responsibilities What are the risks of doing nothing? What are the rewards of improvements? Identify environmental issues to be addressed What are the most important issues to be addressed and their priority? Develop commercial strategies Which improvements can be implemented in management and operations? Introduce best practices How improvements can be implemented? Undertake monitoring and auditing What is the effectiveness of the best practices and which adjustments are required? Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Implementation of an Environmental Management System
Environmental Review Environmental Management System Direct Environmental Aspects Process Air emissions Water emissions Waste Material use (resources and raw materials) Local emissions (noise, odors, vibrations) Land use Risks of environmental accidents General requirements Environmental policy Planning Implementation and operation Internal Audit and Review Indirect Environmental Aspects Environmental Statement Source: Adapted from European Union, EMAS III Standard. Product life cycle Capital investments Insurance Management and planning process Environmental management of suppliers Verification and Validation Registration Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Environmental Management System for Port and Maritime Transport

Methods in Transport Geography

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