1. Vocabulary
Density Gradient – The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery. The further you move away from the inner city, the houses per square unit decreases
Gentrification – The process of improving the socioeconomic status of a place
Squatter settlements – an area where poverty stricken individuals have illegally set up a settlement
Redlining - A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries or zip codes.
Edge City – an area of development on the outskirts of a city that has large amounts of commercial and residential zones

2. Vocabulary
Greenbelts - A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
Sprawl – the spreading of an urban area
Filtering – A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment.
Zoning Ordinance - A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

3. Urban Patterns Where have Urban Areas Grown?
Urbanization
Defining urban settlements
Where are people distributed within urban areas?
Three Models of Urban Structure
Use of the models outside North America

4. Where have urban areas grown?
1800 – 3% lived in cities
Only one had over a million, Beijing
Now ½ of the world’s population live in cities
400 have a least a million

5. History of Urbanization
Modern urbanization begins with the industrial Revolution
Certain cities develop into world cities
New York, Tokyo, London

6. Urbanization
The process in which a city grows; increase # of people living in cities and increase in % of people living in cities
Different global distributions

7. Urban Hierarchies
Hamlets – Few dozen people, Clustered around a service
Villages – Few hundred people, Variety of services
Towns – Fifty to thousands – clear definable boundaries
Cities – Hundreds to fifty thousand
Metropolises – over fifty thousand
Megapolitans – metropolises grow together and overlap

8. Increase in % of people in cities
Measure of a counties development
¾ in MDCs 2/5 in LDCs
Exception is Latin America (MDC)
Higher in MDCs due to job opportunities and need for fewer farmworkers
Increasing # of people in cities
LDCs have more of the very large urban settlements
Migration from the countryside and natural increase rate

9. Defining Urban Settlements
Social differences between Urban and Rural Settlements
Large in size (will not know everyone),
high population density (specialized roles and competition between groups for territory),
socially heterogeneous people (greater variety of people)
Physical definitions of urban settlements
Legal boundary of a city (locally elected officials, taxes, etc.. That that area has authority),
Central city - A city surrounded by suburbs
continuously built-up area
functional area

10. Definitions of Urban Settlements
Urbanized area – the central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs there population density exceeds 1,000 persons psm
Metropolitan statistical area – measures the functional area of a city; population with at least 50,000, county within which the city is located, adjacent counties with a big population
Micropolitan statistical area – an urbanized area between 10,000 and 50, 000 and the same points as MSAs.
Overlapping metropolitan areas – adjacent MSAs that share commuters of jobs, Southern CA is an example

12. Overlapping Metropolitan Areas

13. Megalopolis
One continuous urban complex. Downtown areas are distinct, but the periphery overlaps.
Boshwash ¼ US population 2% of it’s land area

14. Where are people distributed within urban areas?
3 models of urban structure
Started in Chicago then applied to other US cities
Concentric zones
sector
Multiple nuclei models

15. E. W. Burgess’ Concentric Zones Model
Explains the distribution of different social groups
A city grows outward from a central area in a series of 5 concentric rings
CBD in the center
Zone of transition; contains industry and poorer quality housing
Zone of working class homes; modest older houses
Zone of better residences; middle class families
Commuter’s zone; dormitory towns for commuters who work in the center

16. Homer Hoyt’s Sector Model
A city develops in a series of sectors, not rings
As a city grows, activities expand outward on a wedge, or sector, from the center
It starts with the High class residential district and then goes out from there
Industrial and retailing activities develop along transportation lines
Used Chicago as a model

17. C.D. Harris and E. L. Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model
A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities resolve
Examples – a port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, and park
Each node attracts businesses for the type of people living there
Economic opportunities develop in different places

19. Harris Peripheral Model
Inner city surrounded by suburbs
Density Gradient – The further you move away from the inner city, the houses per square unit decreases

20. Geographic Applications of the Models
Social area analysis
Plotting results from the census on a map
US cities-Dominated by the automobile
Grid system for streets, freeways, urban sprawl
Three main zones: Industrial, residential, commercial

21. Use of the Models outside North America
European Cities – begin preindustrial revolution
Dendritic streets, skyscrapers on the outskirts, increase reliance on public transportation
Greenbelts to prevent urban sprawl
Wealthier people cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD

22. European City Model

23. Use of the Models outside North America
European Cities – begin preindustrial revolution
Unlike US, wealthy Europeans live in the inner rings of the upper-class sector, not just the suburbs
Inner-city neighborhoods are renovated for wealthy people or demolished and replaced by apartment buildings
Lower income are in the outskirts of the city (suburbs)= long commutes to jobs and amenities

24. Less Developed Countries
Poor are in the suburbs and wealthy are in the city and a sector extending from the center
opposite in North America
Latin American Cities – CBD spine with squatter settlements
Asian Cities – Work by the Port
Office Parks – agglomerations with shared phone and internet services and transportation infrastructure
Situation advantage; freeway access and port facilities
Site advantages – low labor infrastructure costs
Islamic Cities – centered around the jani- primary mosque
African Cities – Colonial government, current commercial center- Market or Bazar; 3 CBDs

28. Vocabulary
Fiscal Policies - a government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing); problem in central cities due to low-income population
Bid-rent theory – geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. Highest in the CBD, then decrease as it goes out.
Suburbs – residential areas surrounding a city; largest % of US population live here
Underclass – A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.

30. Vocabulary
Entrepot – a trading center, or simply a trading warehouse where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties, often at a profit – examples = San Diego, Oakland & Singapore
Gateway city – a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation –ex- Ellis island for New York, San Francisco for Chinese. Istanbul – Europe west and Asia South
Emerging city – population growth and increasing economic and political clout -ex -Shanghai in Asia and Dubai in Middle East
DINK culture – double income no kids
Annexation – to add an area to an already incorporated area

31. Why do inner cities have distinctive problems?
Inner city physical problems
Inner city social problems
Inner city economic problems

32. Inner-city Physical Problems
Poor conditions of housing
Can either be demolished or rehabilitated
Public housing – government run houses
Process of Deterioration
Filtering
Large houses are subdivided by absentee landlords into smaller dwellings for low-income families
May result in abandonment
Reason they are absent are that the rent does not cover the maintenance
Redlining
Drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money
Cannot fix up a house
Community Reinvestment Act requires banks to document by census tract where they make loans

33. Inner-City Social Problems
Racism and segregation – Higher % of minorities
Underclass- Inner-city residents that are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems
Homelessness
Culture of poverty; (having multiple kids and single parent households)
High levels of crime; (drugs, gangs, etc)
Lack of education (do not take advantage of the opportunities that are given to them)
Lack of Job skills

34. Inner city Economical problems
Situation forces middle and upper classes out of the inner city
Lower tax base, less funding for services
Lack of annexation – Cities have been unable to add wealthier suburbs – Hurts tax base

35. Urban Renewal
Cities identify blight inner-city neighborhoods, acquire property from private owners, relocate the residents and business, clear the site, and build new roads and utilities
Land is then turned over to private developers, parks department, or board of education

36. Why do suburbs have distinct problems?
The peripheral model
Contribution of transportation to suburbanization
Local government fragmentation

37. Chauncey Harris’ Peripheral Model
Based on how people enjoy suburbs more than inner cities
An urban area consist of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
Nodes of consumer business services called edge cities are around the beltway

38. Development of Suburbs (Urban Sprawl)
Modern suburbs began for four main reasons
Improvements in freeways, affordability of cars
Increased access to suburbs and opened cheap land for developers
Multiplier effect and relocation of businesses
Affordable construction methods, change in tax laws and loans, tract housing
McMillian – large developers purchase land, materials, and decrease unit cost then subcontract
prefab-, assembled on site, division of labor – speeds everything up
Financing loans – FHA and GI Bill
Popular culture spreading the idea
Negatives of big city
Desire for bigger home, single family
“The American Way”
Baby boomer generation – families
Demand
Male = Head of household, Woman = homemaker
White flight
Homogeneous

39. Local Government
Big locations are divided up between counties, cities, towns, villages, school districts, and other special districts (example trash pickup)
Each area might have their own public services and conflicts can arise

40. Density gradient
The # of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases
# of people living in the center city has decreased
Less density difference within urban areas
These 2 changes flatten the density gradient and reduce extremes of inner and outer areas