1. Urban and Rural Landscapes
Geography of Canada

2. Urban and Rural Landscapes
Settlement Patterns
Provinces and Territories
Where Do You Want to Live?

3. Urban and Rural Interactions
There has been significant movement of people in Canada between urban and rural areas over time. In most cases, people in rural areas live in a hamlet, village, or town. People in urban areas live in a suburb, city, or metropolis. These different types of places to live are known as the urban hierarchy (each one is a larger settlement going up the line than the one before it).

4. hamlet village town suburb city metropolis
Urban Hierarchy
hamlet village town suburb city metropolis

5. Urban Hierarchy Why are large cities generally located far apart?
Why are small towns generally located close together?
German geographer Walter Christaller created the central place theory, based on the number of people needed to keep a store in business.
The minimum number of customers is known as a threshold population.

7. Urban Hierarchy Does Christaller’s theory work in the “real world”?
Let’s take a look at a map of southcentral Ontario and see if we can apply his theory to the settlements that exist here.
Draw lines on the base map according to this legend:

8. Lake Huron
Lake Ontario
Lake Erie

9. Lake Huron
Mississauga
Kitchener-Waterloo
Oakville
Burlington
Cambridge
Lake Ontario
Hamilton
London
Lake Erie

10. Urbanization
Urbanization is the movement of people UP the urban hierarchy. This has been the main migration pattern of Canadians since the creation of our country.
The chart below illustrates the overall percentage of Canada’s population living in rural and urban areas.
Year
% Rural
% Urban
1853 15 85
1908 50
2001

11. Urbanization
Why did people leave the countryside to live in the big cities?
reduced need for farm labour due to farm modernization (e.g. tractors)
improvements in mobility (better transportation systems reduces need for local stores)
consolidation of goods & services (most things one needs has relocated to urban areas)

12. Counter-Urbanization
Counter-urbanization is the movement of people DOWN the urban hierarchy (metropolis→ hamlet). While our cities are still getting larger, some people are choosing to move away from cities.
In general, there are now three categories of people living in rural areas.
Newcomers - retain ties to urban core, younger, well educated, well off, managers/professionals
Homecomers - young families returning to provide rural upbringing to children
Ruralites – have never lived in an urban core

13. Counter-Urbanization
Why are people leaving the cities to live in smaller towns and villages?
health issues, security, “community”
“back to nature” movement (desire to live in the country)
increase in telecommuting (less need to be at an office)
cheaper land and house prices