1. Axial Skeleton

2. Vertebral Column/ Spine supports the skull /transfers weight
Structure:
26 irregular bones
(33 pre-birth)
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1coccyx

3. Intervertebral foramen-
Between each vertebrae
For spinal nerves
Intervertebral discs-
Cushion/absorbs shock
Provides flexibility
Hardens with age

4. Herniated Disc
When the annulus wall weakens, the disc will press against the spinal nerve= PAIN

5. curvatures Primary curvature- It’s what you are born with
Posterior = Convex
Secondary curvature-It’s what develops
Cervical becomes posterior concave when baby lifts its head
Lumbar becomes posterior concave when baby walks

6. Abnormal Curvatures Scoliosis- abnormal side to side
Kyphosis-Exaggerated posterior curvature of thoracic vertebrae, typical of osteoporosis
Lordosis-exaggerated posterior curve of lumbar. Typical of pregnancy, pot belly

7. Scoliosis

8. Posterior View

9. After Surgery

10. New Rods

11. Typical Vertebrae Body- weight bearing anterior
Vertebral Arch- join the laminae and pedicles posterior
Vertebral Foramen- canal that the spinal cord passes through
Transverse Process- 2 lateral projections from the arch

12. Typical vertebrae
Spinal Process- single projection from posterior arch
Superior and Inferior Articular Processes- paired projections lateral to the foramen, it allows the vertebrae to join each other

13. Cervical Vertebrae - neck
C1 - ATLAS
No body
receives the occipital condyles
Allows the “yes” nod

14. Cervical vertebrae C-2 - AXIS
Has an upright pivot called dens or odontoid process
Allows rotation- “no”

15. Cervical vertebrae C-3 to C- 7
Small
Short bifid spinous process
Transverse processes contain foramen for arteries

16. Thoracic Vertebrae T1 – T12
Larger heart shaped body
Long spinous process-points downward
2 costal facets on either side for ribs

17. Thoracic Vertebrae

18. Lumbar vertebrae L1 – L5
Massive body
Hatchet like spinous process
Takes the most stress

19. Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae
Posterior Pelvis
wing like
Lateral articulation with hip
Medial Sacral Crest- posterior fused spinous processes

20. Sacrum Sacral foramina- lateral to crest Sacral Canal- down the center
Sacral Hiatus- inferior opening

21. Coccyx 3-5 fused vertebrae
tailbone

22. Bony Thorax
Ribs
Sternum
Thoracic vertebrae

23. Sternum Manubrium- jugular notch (top)
Body- sternal angle, 3rd rib (middle)
Xiphoid Process- small point at bottom

24. Xiphoid
The Xiphoid process can cause damage because of the location of the liver

25. Costal Cartilage
The costal cartilage attaches the ribs to the sternum-hyaline cartilage

26. Ribs- 12 pairs
True ribs-are connected to the sternum- vertebrosternal # 1-7
Posterior – attached to thoracic vertebrae 1-7
Anterior- attached to sternum

27. False Ribs- are not connected directly to the sternum
Ribs 8-10 are called false
Ribs 8-10 are called vertebrochondral
Posterior- attaches to vertebrae
Anterior- attaches to cartilage

28. Floating Ribs- ribs 11 & 12
They are not connected in the anterior, only the posterior
Posterior- vertebrae
Anterior- nothing

29. Ribs- flat bones Head- meets with the body of the thoracic vertebrae
Neck- meets with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae
Shaft- angles downward