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The European Conquest of the Americas Chapter 17
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Christopher Columbus
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Columbus’ Four Voyages
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European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”
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The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs. Fernando Cortes Montezuma II
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The Death of Montezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortes
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The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa
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Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of
unintentional "bio-terrorism"?? Docs. 1- 4
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The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough
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Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers Conquistadores Official European Colony! Missionaries Permanent Settlers
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Spanish Empire Within 100 years of Columbus, Spain had taken most of Caribbean, Mexico, the American southwest, Central America, the Caribbean & Pacific coasts of South America, & the Andean highlands Council of Indies – supervised all government, ecclesiastical, and commercial activity in colonies Justified their American conquests by assuming an obligation to convert native populations to Christianity
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Silver Silver mines dominated economic development
Large labor force necessary Encomienda system African slaves Silver increased the European money supply, promoting commercial expansion and eventually industrialization
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Portuguese Empire Portugal took Brazil (Treaty of Tordesillas)
Very profitable sugar plantations Depended on African slave labor More productive More resistant to disease Late 17th century – 7,000 per year
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Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
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Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. Get as much gold and silver as you can. Establish a favorable balance of trade. Get colonies.
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Treasures from the Americas!
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The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves
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English & French Colonization
Occurred nearly a century after Spanish & Portuguese Religious settlement (Puritans & Pilgrims) Began by private business ventures rather than large colonial bureaucracies
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English Efforts At first produced more failures than successes (Newfoundland & Roanoke) Virginia Company – Jamestown (80% died); saved by tobacco Indentured servants (Serve 3-4 years) African slaves Carolinas – fur trade Massachusetts Bay Company – Plymouth – Puritans & Pilgrims – shipping New York (Dutch, then English) – fur trade Pennsylvania – Quakers English colonies distinguished by democratic representation!
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French Efforts Committed to missionary activity (Jesuits)
Settled area of St. Lawrence River Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans Fur trade – friendly relations with Algonquin
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Seven Years’ War (French & Indian War)
Started as conflict over a fort England committed a larger military force in the Americas & took Quebec Iroquois jointed English Defeated French forced in Canada in 1760 France had to yield Canada to the English & Louisiana to Spain France then concentrated their efforts on sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean
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European Empires in the Americas
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