1. Skeletal Remains
Objective: To learn how to determine sex and ethnicity using skeletal remains

2. Function of Bones Protection Give _________ Muscle ___________ shape
Store __________
Produce ___________
shape
attachment
minerals
blood cells

3. Bone Marrow Red marrow: Found in ________bone Produces ___________
Yellow marrow:
Found in the _________
Stores __________
spongy
blood cells
medullary cavity
energy (fat)

4. The Human Skeleton

5. Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
Appendicular skeleton
All other bones

6. Need help remembering the bones of the body?

7. Table Talk Why do babies have more bones in their bodies than adults?
Is it true that once you break a bone you will most likely break that bone again.

8. Long Bones

9. Cartilage cells ________ Cartilage turns into _________
Bone Growth
Cartilage cells ________
Cartilage turns into _________
Growth is complete when ______________
divide
bone
Occurs at the epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal cartilage divides to create more cartilage, while the diaphyseal cartilage is transformed into bone.
This increases the length of the shaft.
the epiphyseal line fuses

10. Ossification (AKA Bone Formation)
cartilage
When _______ is replaced by ________
E.x. skull sutures
bone
Osteocytes are bone cells

12. Age Estimation Use: _______ of long bones Length
Growth must be complete
_______ of cranial sutures
_________ of osteons present
Length
Closure
Number

13. Age Estimation (Continued)
Wear and tear on the body
_________
Fractures
Illness

14. Age Estimates Clavicle = 25 yrs Tibia 16 or 17 in females
18 or 19 in males
Teeth are most accurate in toddlers and teens (up to 21)

15. Fracture Repair

16. Fractures and Skeletal Remains
Fractures aid an investigation by
____________ fractures to medical records
Matching

17. Fractures

19. Bone Remodeling Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Occurs in response to
Bone _______ cells
Osteoblasts
Occurs in response to
__________ stress
Fracture
Results in ___________ bones
breaking
building
Repeated
Thicker/stronger

21. Osteoporosis Bone mass ___________ decreases Bones become _________
brittle
Decreased bone mass = Bone is destroyed faster than it is being built
Brittle bones = Less HGH is being made

22. Fact or Fiction?

23. Sex Determination

24. Nuchal Area

25. Male Skull vs Female Skull

26. Male vs Female Mandible

27. Browridges

28. Determine the Sex of Each Skull

29. Pelvic Bone Male vs Female

30. Male vs Female Pelvis A B

31. Example #1
Determine the sex of a skull with large browridges, a rough nuchal area and a slanted forehead.

32. Example #2
Determine the sex of a square pelvis with a wide short sacrum.

33. Example #3
Determine the sex of a skull with small browridges, a wide mandible and a wide chin

34. Example #4
Determine the sex of a skull with a narrow mandible, a pointed chin and an inion hook. The answer is not a she-male.

35. Question #5
Which features of the pelvis would you use to determine the sex of a pelvis?