1. 1

2. The Gulf Coastal Plains
The Karankawa
The Gulf Coastal Plains 2

3. Location
Settlements near present-day Galveston south to Corpus Christi Bay
nomads
Fall/Winter- near Gulf Coast
Spring/Summer-near rivers and springs on the coastal prairie 3

4. Shelter Portable wigwams (circular huts) Made from bent poles
Covered with animal skin
Floors were covered with reed mats
Could house 7-8 people 4

5. Food Hunters and gatherers Hunters Gatherers
Men
Wooden bows and arrows to hunt/fish
Fish traps
Dugout canoes
Gatherers
Women
Collected plants, birds’ eggs, shellfish
Rumored to be cannibals- not true
Not for food but for “magic power” 5

6. Clothing Men Women Men and women painted themselves with bright colors
Some wore nothing
Deer skin around the waist
Women
Skirts of deer skin or grass
Men and women painted themselves with bright colors
Used alligator fat and dirt to repel the insects 6

7. Culture Unusually tall Kept dogs similar to coyotes or fox
Skeleton found of person 6 feet
Kept dogs similar to coyotes or fox
Name believed to mean dog-lovers
Treated children with kindness
Given 2 names
One was secret which only family members knew
Secret name was thought to carry magic and protection from danger 7

8. Contact with Europeans
1500s- Cabeza de Vaca
Feared by Europeans who wanted their land
Diseases killed many
Fought with other groups
Vanished by the mid-1800s 8

9. 9

10. The Gulf Coastal Plains
The Caddo
The Gulf Coastal Plains 10

11. Caddo Lived in East Texas in the Piney Woods
Gulf Coastal Plains
Lived in East Texas in the Piney Woods
TEXAS!!! Yup, Texas is a Caddoan word. It means "those who are friends". The Tejas Caddo tribes were all "friends". 11

12. Shelter Built two types of home
First was winter home the one to the left.
Had beds & chairs inside.
Second home had no walls but raised off floor to allow cool air in the humid summers. 12

13. Food Hunted in the woods around them Were farmers
Deer, turkey , & other small animals
Were farmers
Corn, beans, & squash 13

14. Culture Were a matrilineal society. Made beautiful pottery.
Families were traced through the mother.
The older woman in the house made the important decisions.
Made beautiful pottery.
Pottery was rodent proof. 14

15. 15

16. Comanche
Great & Central Plains 16

17. Location Moved to Texas in 1700s after acquiring horses
Drove out other tribes for the land
Jumanos, Apache 17

18. Shelter Teepees Nomadic- covered hundreds of miles a year
Items were lightweight and sturdy(leather and woven basket)-Little pottery
Women would pack up 18

19. Food Buffalo Hunters-gatherers Men-hunted Women- gathered plants
On a daily basis women gathered most of the foods. 19

20. Clothing
Well dressed
Leaders wore European clothing with many silver conchos
Leather boots 20

21. Culture Lived in bands headed by a peace chief (older man)
When at war one temporary chief and
War chief- best rider and fighter
Skilled buffalo hunters
Made them wealthy
Traded for goods
Skilled fighters
Controlled most of the plains 21

22. Horses 1680- from Spanish and Pueblo Indians
Called “finest light cavalry in the world”
Expert riders and fighters
Used horses to have advantage in fights 22

23. Contact with Europeans
Traded with Spanish
Came to trade in organized groups
One Comanche who could speak Spanish, French and 4 or 5 languages
One Comanche who was skilled trader and diplomat
Most of what they sold they had stolen
Horses
Kidnapped people whose family would come to buy them back (ransom)
This later would cause big problems with the American settlers
Kept Spanish from moving north- Spanish could not defeat them 23

24. 24

26. The Apache
Great Plains 26

27. Location
The Apaches migrated to Texas from way up in Canada. They arrived in the Texas panhandle region sometime around 1528.

28. Shelter
 Apaches were nomadic and lived almost completely off the buffalo.
Several extended families generally stayed together and were led by their most prominent member, who acted as chief advisor and director of group affairs. A number of the groups lived in close proximity and could unite for defensive or offensive purposes, or for social or ceremonial occasions. The leader of the combined groups was the band leader.  .

29. Food
Hunted buffalo.
They continued to establish rancherías, where they built huts and tended fields of maize, beans, pumpkins, and watermelons. This attempt to improve their source of food was a major cause of their defeat by the Comanches

30. Horses The Apaches quickly adapted to their use of horses
Hunters with horses  could also follow herds for several days and travel long distances to find herds. All this means that hunting buffalo became an easier way to get food than hunting. So the Apache quit farming and became nomadic hunter gatherers.

31. Movement
The Apache kept spreading farther south until they occupied the Texas Hill Country. This is where the second wave of Spanish explorers found them in the 1700s.
Around 1700 the Comanche came south along the same route the Apaches had followed years before. The Comanche were fierce warriors and chased everyone but the Kiowa out of the whole panhandle -- south plains, region. The Apache were pushed south. 

32. 32

33. The Jumano
Mountains and Basins 33

34. Location
Along the Rio Grande 34

35. Shelter Permanent houses of adobe brick Large villages Dried clay
Cool in summer
30-40 people in house
Flat roofs
Painted black, red, white and yellow stripes on the inside wall
Large villages 35

36. Food Grew corn and other crops near river Gathered wild plants
River would overflow and water fields
Gathered wild plants
Hunted buffalo with bow and arrow 36

37. Clothing Animal hide Moccasins
Softened by beating with stones
Moccasins
Jewelry made from copper, coral and turquoise
Hair
Women- long and tied
Men- short on sides, long in middle and curled with paint, decorated with feathers 37

38. Culture Tattooed and painted their faces Drought in 1500s
Crops died and buffalo moved
Under constant attack by Apache
Eventually joined other Native American groups 38

39. Contact with Europeans
Traded with Spanish 39

40. Coahuiltecan Gulf Coastal Plains
Made up of many tribes from South Texas to N.E. Mexico
In Texas from San Antonio to Corpus Christi 40

41. Shelter
They lived in camps with large wickiups. 41

42. Food Hunters-Buffalo and other animals Gatherers- wild plants & fruits42

43. Culture
At times groups would gather for all night festivities called mitotes.
Their way of living changed much when they had contact with the Spaniards.
Once they had contact became very primitive & lived in deplorable conditions. 43

44. Other Info.
They would travel long distances to trade fair camps in central Texas near modern San Marcos, Austin, La Grange and Victoria
The trails they used to get to New Braunfels and San Marcos later became the Camino Real road, the oldest road in Texas.
Were probably also in contact with the Aztec before destroyed by Spanish. 44

45. Other Info.
One of the few Native American tribes that survived the Europeans that came.
The Caddo formed confederations to protect and defend themselves from other tribes 45

46. Good site to visit & where I got some of my information 46

47. Questions to Think About?
What similarities do you notice about the tribes from the same region?
Gulf Coastal Plains: All tribes were setup by a body of water & did some hunting as a source of food.
Central & Great Plains: hunted buffalo as a source of food. Their shelter was mainly a tepee.
Mountains & Basins: made a more permanent form of housing & hunted for their food. Were the first to ride horses.
What differences do you notice about the tribes from the same region?
Gulf Coastal Plains: Caddo were the only ones to use farming as a primary source of food.
Central & Great Plains: Wichita had most permanent type of home.
Mountains & Basins: Not many tribes here but Jumano stayed here in permanent homes. 47

48. Continued
Compare and contrast the following Native American from the different regions.
Comanche
Jumano
Caddo
Skilled fighters best on horseback. Were very organized when it came to trading.
Had the most permanent form of housing made out of adobe.
Only ones to use farming as a primary source of food.
All three tribes hunted to get some form of food. The Comanche & Caddo seemed to be very organized which led to success when it came to the explorers. 48

49. Continued
Compare and contrast the following Native American from the different regions.
Coahuiltecan
Apache
Caddo
Were actually many tribes band together.
Attacked other tribes as a means to survival.
Farmed to get most of their food.
All of these tribes did some type of hunting and all had contact with the explorers. 49