1. I can identify and classify the bones of vertebral column.
Objective:
I can identify and classify the bones of vertebral column.
Agenda:
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Notes over Vertebral Column
Vertebral Column Worksheet
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2. 7-6 The Vertebral Column The Vertebral Column (Spine)
___________________
Supports the head and body
__________________ bones
24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx

3. Figure 7-16 The Vertebral Column
Spinal Curves
Vertebral Regions
Primary curves develop
before birth, and secondary
curves after birth.
Regions are defined
by anatomical
characteristics of
individual vertebrae.
The cervical curve, a
secondary curve, develops as
the infant learns to balance the
weight of the head on the
vertebrae of the neck.
Cervical
(7 vertebrae)
The thoracic curve, a
primary curve,
accommodates the
thoracic organs.
Thoracic
(12 vertebrae)
The lumbar curve, a
secondary curve, balances
the weight of the trunk over
the lower limbs; it develops
with the ability to stand.
Lumbar
(5 vertebrae)
The sacral curve, a
primary curve,
accommodates the
abdominopelvic organs.
Sacral
Coccygeal 3

4. 7-6 The Vertebral Column Vertebrae ____________ The upper back
Seven cervical vertebrae
The upper back
___________________
Each articulates with one or more pair of ribs
The lower back
_______________________

5. 7-6 The Vertebral Column The Sacrum and Coccyx
The fifth lumbar vertebra articulates with the sacrum
________________________

6. 7-6 The Vertebral Column Four Spinal Curves __________ Thoracic curve
______________
Sacral curve

7. 7-6 The Vertebral Column Thoracic and Sacral Curves
Are ________________(present during fetal development)
Or accommodation curves (accommodate internal organs)
Lumbar and Cervical Curves
Are called __________________(appear after birth)
Or ____________________(shift body weight for upright posture)

8. 7-6 The Vertebral Column Vertebral Anatomy
The _______________(centrum)
Transfers weight along the spine
The __________________
Posterior margin of vertebral foramen
The _______________________
Lateral projections between laminae and pedicles

9. Figure 7-18a Vertebral Anatomy
Articular processes
Vertebral arch
Vertebral body
The major components of
a typical vertebra 9

10. 7-6 The Vertebral Column Vertebral Anatomy The ________________
Pedicles
Walls of the vertebral arch
_______________
Roof of the vertebral arch

11. 7-6 The Vertebral Column Vertebral Anatomy The vertebral arch
________________
Projection where vertebral laminae fuse
_________________
Projection where laminae join pedicles

12. Figure 7-18b Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular
process
Pedicle
Transverse
process
Vertebral body
Spinous
process
Inferior articular
facet
Arrow passing
through vertebral
foramen
Inferior articular
process
A lateral and slightly inferior
view of a vertebra 12

13. Figure 7-18c Vertebral Anatomy
Spinous
process
Superior
articular
process
Inferior
articular
process
Transverse
process
Pedicle
Inferior
articular
facet
Vertebral
foramen
Vertebral
body
An inferior view of a
vertebra 13

14. 7-6 The Vertebral Column Vertebral Foramina _______________________
Gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
For nerve connections to spinal cord
____________________
Formed by vertebral foramina
Encloses the spinal cord

15. 7-6 The Vertebral Column Intervertebral Discs __________________
Separate the vertebral bodies
______________

16. Figure 7-18d Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular facets
Superior articular process
Lamina of
vertebral arch
Spinous process
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Inferior
articular
process
An posterior view
of three articulated
vertebrae 16

17. Figure 7-18e Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular facets
Lamina of
vertebral arch
Intervertebral
foramen
Intervertebral
disc
Spinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Inferior
articular
facet
Arrow passing
through vertebral
canal
A lateral and sectional view
of three articulated
vertebrae 17

18. 7-7 Vertebral Regions Vertebral Regions __________________
By region, from top (superior) to bottom (inferior)
__________ articulates with skull, L5 with sacrum
Vertebrae of each region
Have characteristics determined by functions

19. 7-7 Vertebral Regions Regions of the Vertebral Column _________
Thoracic (T)
___________

20. 7-7 Vertebral Regions The Cervical Vertebrae
Small body (support only head)
Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal cord)
Concave superior surface
Slope posterior to anterior
_____________________
All others have short spinous processes
Tip of each spinous process is notched (bifid)

21. Figure 7-19a The Cervical Vertebrae
Spinous
process of
vertebra
prominens C7
A lateral view of the
cervical vertebrae,
C1–C7 21

22. Figure 7-19b The Cervical Vertebrae
Vertebral
arch
Spinous process
Lamina
Vertebral
foramen
Superior articular
process
Pedicle
Vertebral body
Transverse
process
Superior
articular
facet
Transverse
foramen
Costal process
A superior view of a representative
cervical vertebra showing
characteristics of C3–C6. Notice the
typical features listed in Table 7–2. 22

23. Figure 7-19c The Cervical Vertebrae
Superior articular
process
Transverse process
Inferior articular
process
Spinous process
Bifid tip of
spinous process
Location of
transverse
foramen
Inferior articular
facet
Vertebral
body
A lateral view of the same vertebra
as in b. 23

24. 7-7 Vertebral Regions The Cervical Vertebrae ___________
Articulates with occipital condyles of skull
____________________________
Has a large, round foramen within anterior and posterior arches

25. 7-7 Vertebral Regions The Cervical Vertebrae Axis (C2)
_____________________
Has heavy spinous process
_____________________________
Axis and atlas bodies fuse during development to form the ________

26. Figure 7-19d The Cervical Vertebrae
Dens of
axis
Anterior
arch
Transverse
ligament
Atlas (C1)
Posterior
arch
Axis (C2)
The atlas (C1) and axis (C2). 26

27. 7-7 Vertebral Regions The Cervical Vertebrae ____________________
Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle
Has large transverse processes
Ligamentum nuchae (elastic ligament) extends from C7 to skull

28. 7-7 Vertebral Regions Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12)
Have heart-shaped bodies
___________________
Smaller vertebral foramen than in C1–C7
_____________________
Dorsolateral surfaces of body have costal facets
Which articulate with heads of ribs

29. 7-7 Vertebral Regions Thoracic Vertebrae (T1–T12)
T1–T8 articulate with two pairs of ribs
At superior and inferior costal facets
T9–T11 articulate with one pair of ribs
T10–T12 transition to lumbar vertebrae

30. Figure 7-20a The Thoracic Vertebrae
Intervertebral
foramen T4 T5 T6
Thoracic
vertebrae
(T1–T12) T7 T8 T9
T10
T11
T12
A lateral view of the thoracic region of
the vertebral column. The vertebra
prominems (C7) resembles T1, but lacks
facets for rib articulation. Vertebra T12
resembles the first lumbar vertebra (L1)
but has a facet for rib articulation. 30

31. Figure 7-20b The Thoracic Vertebrae
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Lamina
Transverse
costal facet
Superior
articular
facet
Vertebral
foramen
Superior
costal facet
Vertebral
body
Thoracic vertebra, superior view. 31

32. Figure 7-20c The Thoracic Vertebrae
Superior
articular facet
Superior costal facet
for head of superior rib
Transverse costal
facet for tubercle
of superior rib
Transverse
process
Vertebral
body
Spinous
process
Inferior costal facet
for head of inferior rib
Thoracic vertebra, lateral view. 32

33. 7-7 Vertebral Regions Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) ____________
______________
Thicker bodies than T1–T12
No costal or transverse costal facets
Triangular vertebral foramen

34. 7-7 Vertebral Regions Lumbar Vertebrae (L1–L5) Transverse processes
__________
Project dorsolaterally
Spinous process
____________
For attachment of lower back muscles

35. Figure 7-21a The Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
A lateral view of the lumbar
vertebrae and sacrum 35

36. Figure 7-21b The Lumbar Vertebrae
Superior articular
process
Pedicle
Transverse process
Vertebral
body
Spinous
process
Inferior articular process
Inferior articular facet
A lateral view of a typical lumbar vertebra 36

37. Figure 7-21c The Lumbar Vertebrae
Spinous process
Superior articular facet
Lamina
Superior articular
process
Transverse
process
Transverse process
Vertebral
foramen
Pedicle
Vertebral
body
A superior view of the same
vertebra shown in part b 37

38. 7-7 Vertebral Regions The Sacrum _________________________
Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs
Attaches:
The axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton
Broad muscles that move the thigh

39. 7-7 Vertebral Regions The Sacrum The adult sacrum
______________________________
Fuses between puberty and ages 25–30
Leaving transverse lines
Sacral canal
Replaces the vertebral canal

40. 7-7 Vertebral Regions The Sacrum __________________
Fused spinous processes
Four pairs of sacral foramina open to either side
___________________
Fused transverse processes
Attach to muscles of lower back and hip

41. 7-7 Vertebral Regions The Sacrum Base __________ Sacral promontory
The broad superior surface
__________
Wings at either side of the base
To attach muscles
Sacral promontory
At the center of the base
___________
The narrow inferior portion
Articulates with the coccyx

42. 7-7 Vertebral Regions The Coccyx
Attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus
Mature coccyx
Consists _____________________________
First two coccygeal vertebrae
Have transverse processes
Have unfused vertebral arches
Coccygeal cornua
Formed by laminae of first coccygeal vertebra

43. Figure 7-22a The Sacrum and Coccyx
Articular
process
Entrance to
sacral canal
Sacral
tuberosity
Lateral
sacral crest
Median
sacral crest
Sacral
hiatus
Sacral cornu
Coccygeal cornu
A posterior view 43

44. Figure 7-22b The Sacrum and Coccyx
Sacral
promontory
Auricular
surface
Lateral
sacral crest
Median
sacral crest
Sacral cornu
Sacral curve
Coccygeal cornu
Coccyx
A lateral view from the right side 44

45. Figure 7-22c The Sacrum and Coccyx
Base
Sacral
promontory
Ala
Ala
Sacral
foramina
Transverse
lines
Apex
Coccyx
An anterior view 45