1. UNIT 2 CELLS AND SYSTEMS
Topic 1 – Organisms need – energy, to interact with environment, to reproduce, to grow, to produce wastes. Levels of Organization – Cells – Tissue – Organ – System – Organism
Topic 2 – microscopes help see small items. Modern microscopes see atoms. Magnification = ocular x objective.
Topic 3 – Unicellular – One cell, multicellular – two or more cells. Nucleus – Cell Brain, Cytoplasm – cell jelly Cell Membrane – semi permeable barrier Vacuoles – storage Mitochondria(animals) – Protein synthesis Chloroplasts(plants) – photosynthesis Cell Wall(plants) – Solid structure and protects(skeleton).
Topic 4 – Selectively permeable – Allows some things to pass through. Permeable – Allows anything to pass through. Impermeable – nothing passes through. Diffusion – high concentration to low Osmosis – Water going through semi permeable membrane Xylem – water transport tissue in plants Phloem – food transport tissue in plants Roots- below surface Shoots – above ground. Transpiration – water loss through leaves(stomata).
Topic 5 – Cell Specialization – Certain cells do certain jobs and are shaped to do those jobs well. Ex) blood and nerve cells)
Topic 6 – Digestive System – Mouth, Oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine (villi), large intestine, colon, rectum, anus Respiratory System – Larynx, Trachea, Lungs(Bronchus, Bronchioles, Alveoli), Diaphragm Circulatory System – Heart (atriums, ventricles, valves, pulmonary veins/arteries), Veins, Arteries (capillaries), Lungs Sensory awareness system – Sight, sound, touch, taste, smell Excretory System – Kidneys, liver, urethra – gets rid of urine/waste.

2. Topic 7 – Blood Pressure –Systolic/Diastolic –Healthy BP often means healthy body. Heart disease can cause heart attacks, poor eating can clog blood vessels. Hemoglobin - bonds to oxygen in the blood. Low hemoglobin = low stamina – blood doping- increases hemoglobin.
Smoking – constricts blood vessels, clogs arteries, yellows teeth/fingers, can cause heart problems, lung diseases such as emphysema, and lung cancer.
Digestive disorders – Crohns, colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes – no insulin production (pancreas) must take artificial insulin.
Respiratory disorders – asthma – bronchioles don’t open properly, cystic fibrosis – thick mucus coats lungs.