1. Industrialization & Changes in Manufacturing
What is industrialization?
Changes in manufacturing and labor that included the following:
-A move away from traditional village farming and the Domestic System.
-Development of the mechanization and the Factory System. Starts with textiles.
Evolution of Manufacturing
-Machines develop
-water powered and then steam powered
-too large and costly for domestic system
-need more space and workers
-factory system

2. Industrialization &Changes in Manufacturing- continued
2. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Great Britain
What factors contributed to the beginning of the Revolution?
The Enclosure Movement
More efficient farming
Farmers made more money to invest in industry

3. Key Elements
Capital – money to invest in labor, machines and raw materials
Natural Resources – harbors, rivers, iron and coal
Large Labor Supply – population growth due to more food
Entrepreneurs – risk takers who started new businesses

4. Industrialization & Changes in Manufacturing
3. What is urbanization?
Urbanization- larger number of cities, higher population in cities, larger cities
How did industrialization lead to urbanization?
People moved to the cities to work in the factories

5. 4. Effects of Industrial Revolution
Harsh life for urban poor
Long hours/80 hour work weeks
Child labor
Workers had no voice
Poor living conditions in the city
Many injuries
Children not educated
Majority of workers live in urban areas
Hand labor replaced by machines
Increased the differences between social classes
Village life changes drastically
Less worker satisfaction
Socialism gained support

6. Capitalism 5. What is capitalism? *Adam Smith Wrote: Wealth of Nation
Definition: economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned & money is invested to make a profit
Capitalism is based on Law of Self-Interest, Law of Supply & Demand, & Law of Competition…

7. Main principles Law of Self-Interest, Law of Supply & Demand, Law of Competition
3 Main Ideas
Law of Self-interest – what you want, when you want to better yourself
Law of Competition- competition good for market, better products, cheaper prices.
Law of Supply and Demand-
Demand goes up, price up…
Supply down, price up
Supply up, price down

8. 7. Who is Karl Marx and what were his beliefs?
believed history was about the struggle between classes.
Wrote The Communist Manifesto
The “Haves” vs. “The Have Nots”
Believed Industrial Revolution enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor

9. Main Principles Capitalism vs. Socialism
“The Haves” Middle Class – Bourgeoisie (rose to power after the French Revolution) “The Have Nots” Factory Workers- Proletariat Marx said the workers would overthrow the Bourgeoise (factory owners) and follow socialism

10. #8: What is Socialism? How is it different from Capitalism?
Capitalism: Private ownership of property; Government does NOT interfere in economy
Socialism- Property and means of production is owned by the public/government; Government should regulate business to protect the workers and the consumers.
Communism – Pure socialism, according to Marx. A theory advocating elimination of private property; Public owns all property; a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed.

11. Rise of Nationalism
#9. What is the difference between state, nation, and nation-state?
State – A formal political entity /union (country)
Includes defined territory, population, gov’t, sovereignty, recognized by other countries
Nation – Group of people who see themselves linked together in some shared manner
Nation-State- a formal political unit inhabited by people who share culture, language, history, etc
Examples of Nations, States & Nation-States
STATE – United States
NATION - Palestine, Tibet
NATION-STATE- Israel, Japan

12. Rise of Nationalism- continued
10. What is nationalism? Devotion, loyalty and patriotism in regards to the interests and culture of one’s own nation
11. What factors serve to unite people in terms of nationalism?
People become attached to the territory that they think of as home
People identify themselves with the country’s past and future
People speak the same language
People share culture
Citizens work together for some kind of national cause

13. Rise of Nationalism- continued
12. What is the difference between nationalist movements? Unification: Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands (ex. Italy & Germany) Separation: Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away (ex: Greeks break away from Ottoman Empire) Nation-Building: Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture (ex: U.S.)

14. Unification of Italy
13. Who were the leaders of Italian Unifications? What were their roles? Victor Emmanuel II – King of Sardinia Giuseppe Mazzini – “The Soul” of the Italian Unification Risorgimento, Inspiration for unification; lays the groundwork Garibaldi- “The Sword” Trained mercenary Red Shirts- fought in 2 revolutions (1848 & 1860) Cavour – “The Brain” Prime Minister of Sardinia Planned to unify Italy

15. Unification of Germany
14. Which German state led unification? Why?
Prussia Leads Unification because their population is mainly German. They are united by nationalism. Good example of success of nationalism. Also had a powerful army.
Austria poses largest threat
Who was Otto von Bismarck? What was his plan for unification?
Prussian Prime Minister under Wilhelm I
Plan was to provoke war with neighboring countries to gain lands with German people and unite them under one rule
Started 3 wars:
Danish War
Austro-Prussian War
Franco-Prussian War

16. Imperialism- a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically or socially. Technology helped Europeans to establish colonies.
15. Forms of imperialism- Colony v. Protectorate v. Sphere of Influence v. Concession
Colony – a foreign region that is under the direct control of a mother country. The mother country sends people to settle on the land.
Protectorate- A foreign region in which the mother country allows native rulers to maintain their position of power, but controls them.
Sphere of Influence- a foreign region in which an outside nation has control over trade and other economic activities.
Concession- A country is granted the exclusive right to exploit a specific resource in a given region.

17. Imperialism- Continued
16. European motives for 19th century imperialism
Loss of new world empires- France lost Canada and India, Great Britain lost American colonies, Spain and Portugal lost Latin American colonies.
Economic – industrial revolution caused high demand for raw materials and new markets for products
Nationalism- prestige, strategic locations, greed, ethnocentrism
Civilizing missions- desire to spread religion, technology, customs and traditions

18. 17. Imperialism in Africa
The Belgian Congo
King Leopold claimed that he wanted to abolish slavery and spread Christianity but not true.
Exploited natives – 10 million died
Harshest treatment of natives
Belgian government took Congo from Leopold

19. Imperialism in Africa- continued
The Berlin Conference
Hosted by Otto von Bismarck
Goal was to avoid European war over Africa
Divided up Africa
Required nations to notify each other of claims and occupy them with troops

20. Imperialism in Africa- continued
South Africa & the Boer War
Boers (Afrikaners)- Dutch farmers who settled at the tip of South Africa – 1st Europeans to settle in Africa
Great Trek – Boers moved north and found gold and diamonds- people flooded the area- Boers tried to keep them out
Boer War – 3 year military engagement between the Boers and British – Boers lost- concentration camps – Apartheid-unification of South Africa

21. Imperialism in Africa- continued
Ethiopia
Italians tried to rule Italy as a protectorate, but Ethiopians successfully resisted!
One of only 2 countries to remain free of European control

22. 18. Imperialism in Asia India: Sepoy Rebellion
Sepoys- Indian soldiers that served under the British
Cultural conflict – animal fat on cartridges, soldiers had to bite off both ends.
Sepoys rebelled- slaughter of British citizens- British retaliate
India placed under direct control of Great Britain
Indian National Congress
focused on gaining Indian independence

23. Imperialism in Asia- continued
China- does not want to trade with Great Britain but the British want tea and silk. GB gets them hooked on opium.
Opium Wars
Chinese try to stop the opium trade but British won’t stop- leads to war
Great Britain crushes the Chinese
Treaty of Nanking
Chinese forced to open new ports
Legalize the opium trade
Give Hong Kong to Great Britain
Accept extraterritoriality(British citizens living in China not subject to Chinese laws)
The “Open Door” Policy
All countries given equal access to trade in China

24. Imperialism in Asia- continued
Japan: Imperialism in Korea
After being a victim of imperialism by the U.S., Japan modernizes and becomes the aggressor
1910 Japan officially controlled Korea
Banned teaching of Korean
Koreans forced to take Japanese names
Farmers forced off lands; businesses handed over to Japanese

25. Imperialism in Asia- continued
Indochina:
French ruled directly in Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, & Vietnam)
Took over gov’t positions, grew cash crops which led to not enough food for natives
U.S. in Philippines
Spanish rule in Philippines until U.S. wins Spanish-American War
U.S. promised to return Philippines to nationalists, but kept as a colony

26. 19. Impact of Imperialism on Native Populations
Positive:
Modernization – roads, railroads, etc
School – Increased literacy rates
Improved sanitation and health

27. 19. Impact of Imperialism on Native Populations
Negative:
Cultures disrupted
Native populations decline
Depletion of natural resources
Tensions between countries competing for colonies

28. 19. Impact of Imperialism on Native Populations
Long Term:
Takes many years to have independent rule
Countries are unstable after independence because of being ruled by other countries for years
Culture becomes a blend of native and imperial cultures