1. Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering Fifth Edition
PowerPoint Lecture Slides
for
Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering Fifth Edition
William F. Smith Javad Hashemi

2. CHPE 304 Engineering Materials
Fall
Time : 2: :30 pm
Instructor : Hossam Altaher

3. Engineering Materials
ASSESSMENTS
Course Works
Homework (2) %
Quizzes (2 ) %
Project (1) %
Mid-term exams (2) %
Final Examination
40%
REFERENCES
Smith W.F. and Hashemi J. “Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering” McGraw- Hill 4th Edition (2002).
Online sources

4. Engineering Materials
Course Contents
1. Introduction to Material Science and Engineering.
2. Crystal and Amorphous Structure in Materials: Ionic, Metallic and Covalent bonds, Space lattice and Unit cell, Simple cubic crystal structure, Body - centered cubic (BCC), Faced- centred cubic (FCC), Hexagonal close- packed (HCP), Volume, Planar, and Linear density unit-cell calculation.
3. Stress and Strain in Metals: Elastic and Plastic Deformation, Engineering Stress and Engineering Strain, Shear Stress and Shear Strain, Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram, Modulus of Elasticity (E), Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile strength (UTS), Percent Elongation, Percent reduction in area.

5. Engineering Materials
Course Contents
4. Phase Diagrams: Phase diagrams of pure substances, Gibbs phase rule, Cooling curves, The lever rule, Binary eutectic alloy system, Binary peritectic alloy system, Binary monotectic systems.
5. Engineering alloys: Production of iron and steel, Iron-carbon system, Low alloy steels, Aluminum alloys, Copper alloys, Stainless steels, Cast iron, Titanium alloys.
6. Polymeric materials: Polymerization reactions, industrial polymerization methods, crystallinity in thermoplastic, processing of plastic materials, General- purpose thermoplastics, Rubbers.

6. Engineering Materials
Course Contents
7. Ceramics and Glasses: Simple ceramic crystal structures, silicate structures, Processing of ceramics, mechanical and thermal properties of ceramics, structure of glasses.
8. Composite materials and Cement: Fibers for reinforced-plastic composite materials, Concrete.
9. Corrosion and corrosion protection: Electrochemical corrosion of metals, Galvanic cells, Corrosion rates (Kinetics), Types of corrosion, Oxidation of metals, Corrosion control.

7. Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to
Materials Science
and
Engineering

8. We obtain materials from earth crust and atmosphere. Examples :-
What are Materials?
Materials may be defined as substance of which something is composed or made.
We obtain materials from earth crust and atmosphere.
Examples :-
Silicon and Iron constitute and 5.00 percentage of weight of earths crust respectively.
Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute and percentage of dry air by volume respectively.

9. Why the Study of Materials is Important?
Production and processing of materials constitute a large part of the economy.
Engineers choose materials to suite design.
New materials might be needed for some new applications.
Example :- High temperature resistant materials.
Space station and Mars Rovers should sustain conditions in space.
* High speed, low temperature, strong but light.
Modification of properties might be needed for some applications.
Example :- Heat treatment to modify properties.

10. Materials Science and Engineering
Materials science deals with basic knowledge about the internal structure, properties and processing of materials.
Materials engineering deals with the application of knowledge gained by materials science to convert materials to products.
Materials Science and
Engineering
Materials Science
Materials Engineering
Basic Knowledge of
Materials
Applied
Knowledge
of Materials
Resultant
Knowledge
of Structure and
Properties

11. What are materials ? Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Materials may be defined as substances of which something is
composed or made
We obtain materials from earth crust and atmosphere.
Engineering Materials refer specifically to materials used to
produced technical products
Engineers design most manufactured products, and since products require materials, engineers should be knowledgeable about the internal structure and properties of materials.

12. Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Research & Development Engineers create new materials or modify the properties of existing ones.
Design engineers use existing, modified, or new materials to design and
create new products and systems.
Sometimes design engineers have a problem in their design that requires
a new material to be created by research engineers.
Example of such cases:
Engineers designing a high speed civil transport HSCT, have to develop
new high temperatures materials that could withstand temperatures as high as 1800 C.
Space station and space shuttle materials: Space station and Mars Rovers should sustain conditions in space.
High speed, low temperature, strong but light.

13. Different engineers searching for different materials
Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Different engineers searching for different materials
Mechanical Engineers search for high temperature materials so that jet
engines can be more efficient.
Electrical Engineers search for new materials so that electronic devices
can operate faster and at higher temperatures
Aerospace Engineers search for materials with higher strength to weight
ratios for vehicles.
Chemical Engineers look for more highly corrosion resistant materials

14. Engineers should have some basic and applied knowledge of engineering materials so that they will be able to do their work more effectively when using them.

15. Can be divided into three main or fundamental classes;
Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Types of Materials
Can be divided into three main or fundamental classes;
Metallic Materials
Polymeric Materials
Ceramic Materials +
Two application materials
Electronic Materials
Composite Materials +
Advanced Materials
Smart Materials
Nanomaterials

17. Metallic Materials (metals and metal alloys)
Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Types of Materials
Metallic Materials (metals and metal alloys)
Inorganic materials that are characterized by:
High thermal and electrical conductivities.
Crystalline structure (atoms are arranged in an orderly manner).
Relatively strong and good strength at high temperatures.
Mostly denser than polymer
Examples are iron, steel, aluminum, and copper.

19. Yellow gold - a gold alloy that's usually made by combining gold, copper and silver.

20. Bronze is a metal alloy produced by blending copper and tin in various amounts

21. Brass - a metal alloy of zinc and copper in various amounts

22. Engineering Materials
Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Types of Materials
Polymeric Materials
Materials consisting of long molecular chain or networks of low weight elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Characterized by :
Low electrical conductivities (good insulators).
Mostly non crystalline
Low densities
Low softening or decomposition temperatures
Corrosion resistant
Strength and ductility vary greatly
Examples are polythylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Application : Digital video disks (DVDs), appliances, fabrics

23. Types of Materials Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Ceramic Materials
Inorganic materials consisting of compounds of metals and nonmetals such as Alumina, Silicon Nitride and Silicon carbide Characterized by :
Brittle and stiff
High hardness
High temperature strength
Can be crystalline, non crystalline, or mixed of both.
Good heat and wear resistance
Good insulative properties
Chemically innert
Examples are clay products, glass, and pure aluminum oxide.
Application :
Used widely for furnace lining for heat treatment and
melting of metals such as steel
Abrasive, construction materials, utensils
Space shuttle to insulate it during exit and reentry into atmosphere.

24. Engineering Materials
Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Types of Materials
Composite Materials
Materials that are mixtures of two or more materials to obtain the
desired properties that cannot be obtained from the original material.
Characterized by improve strength to weight ratio, hardness, corrosion
resistance, conductivity
Examples are
fiberglass-reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy matrix.
carbon fibers in an epoxy matrix.

25. Composite Materials Mixture of two or more materials.
Consists of a filler material and a binding material.
Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.
Mainly two types :
Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix
Particulate: Particles in a matrix
Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer
Examples :
Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy matrix)
Concrete ( Gravels or steel rods reinforced in cement and sand)
Applications: Aircraft wings and engine, construction.

26. Mud and straw bricks

27. A cloth of woven carbon fiber filaments, a common element in composite materials

28. Plywood is a laminar composite

29. Bundle of fiberglass

30. Fiberglass

31. Concrete

32. Engineering Materials
Composite Materials
The bridge in the picture is built entirely from composite material. Weighs one-tenth of the conventional concrete bridge. It took only 18 hours to assemble the bridge.

33. Engineering Materials
Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Types of Materials
Electronic Materials
Materials used in electronics especially microelectronic,
Example is pure silicon that can be modified in different ways to change its electrical characteristics
Pure silicon is used in the manufacture of transistors and other electronic components because, it withstands heat well and is relatively inexpensive.

34. Electronic Materials Not Major by volume but very important.
Silicon is a common electronic material.
Its electrical characteristics are changed by
adding impurities
Examples:- Silicon chips, transistors
Applications :- Computers, Integrated Circuits,
Satellites etc.

35. Engineering Materials
Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Types of Materials
Advanced materials
Smart materials
Materials with the ability to sense and response to external environment
(temperature, light, humidity, electric and magnetic field)
Example
Shape memory alloys:
Strained material reverts back to its original shape above a critical temperature.
Used in heart valves and to expand arteries.
Piezoelectric ceramics, materials that produce an electric field when subjected to mechanical force. Used in actuators and vibration reducers.

36. Sensor

37. Smart Product

38. Smart Product

39. Heat Chair

40. Engineering Materials
Introduction to Material Science & Engineering
Types of Materials
Advanced materials
Nanomaterials
Materials with a characteristic length scale (particle diameter, grain size,
thickness) smaller than 100 nm ( ), nanomaterials can be
metallic, polymeric, ceramic, electronic or composite.
(A)
(B)
Fig. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results for (A) undoped P25 (0:1), and (B) S-doped P25 (1:1)

41. Nanofibrils shown with a human hair for reference

43. MEMS: Microelectromechanical systems.
Miniature devices
Micro-pumps, sensors
Nanomaterials: Characteristic length < 100 nm
Examples: ceramics powder and grain size < 100 nm
Nanomaterials are harder and stronger than bulk materials.
Have biocompatible characteristics ( as in Zirconia)
Transistors and diodes are developed on a nanowire.

44. materials are available to engineers
Figure 1.1
Material development is driven by the desire for ever greater performance
Today, over 160,000
materials are available to engineers
Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, 4th Edition © 2010 Michael Ashby

46. Competition Among Materials
Materials compete with each other to exist in new market
Over a period of time usage of different materials changes depending on cost and performance.
New, cheaper or better materials replace the old materials when there is a breakthrough in technology
Example:-
Figure 1.14
Predictions and use of
materials in US automobiles.
1-10
After J.G. Simon, Adv. Mat. & Proc., 133:63(1988) and new data

47. Carbon nanofiber reinforced plastic: very light but stronger than metals.

48. Case Study – Material Selection
Problem: Select suitable material for bicycle frame and fork.
Steel and
alloys
Wood
Carbon fiber
Reinforced
plastic
Aluminum
alloys
Ti and Mg
alloys
Low cost but
Heavy. Less
Corrosion
resistance
Light and
strong. But
Cannot be
shaped
Very light and
strong. No
corrosion.
Very expensive
Light, moderately
Strong. Corrosion
Resistance.
expensive
Slightly better
Than Al
alloys. But much
expensive
Cost important? Select steel
Properties important? Select CFRP