1. Exchange Rate = Relative Price of Currencies
Foreign Exchange
(FOREX)
Exchange Rate = Relative Price of Currencies

2. Video: Down and Out Dollar

3. Exports and Imports US sells cars to Mexico
Mexico buys tractors from Canada
Canada sells syrup to the U.S.
Japan buys Fireworks from Mexico
For all these transactions, there are different national currencies.
Each country must be paid in their own currency
The buyer (importer) must exchange their currency for that of the sellers (exporter).

4. The turnover in FOREX markets is almost $4 trillion (USD) a day
Currency Codes
USD = US Dollar
EUR = Euro
JPY = Japanese Yen
GBP = British Pound
MXN = Mexican Nueveo Peso
INR = Indian Rupee
TWD = New Taiwanese Dollar (NT$)
CNY/RMB = Chinese Yuan
Or Renminbi

6. Exchange Rates
The FOREX market only looks at two currencies at a time
Ex: US Dollars and British Pounds
Examine the price of one currency in terms of the other currency. Ex:$2 = £1
The Exchange Rate depends on which currency you are converting.
The price of one US Dollar in terms of Pounds is
1 Dollar = £1/$2 = £.5
The price of one Pound in terms of Dollars is
1 Pound = $2/£1 = $2

7. Value of Country’s Currency
What happens if more dollars are needed to buy one pound?
From $2=£1 to $5=£1
The Dollar depreciates compared to the Pound.
Depreciation
The loss of value of a country's currency
More units of currency are needed to buy a single unit of the other currency.
The dollar is “Weaker”
What happens if fewer dollars are needed to buy one pound ?
From $2=£1 to $1=£4
The Dollar appreciates compared to the Pound.
Appreciation
The increase of value of a country's currency
Less units of currency are needed to buy a single unit of the other currency.
The dollar is “Stronger”

8. S&D for the US Dollars Pound£ Dollar$ Supply by Americans Equilibrium:
Price of US Dollars
Supply by Americans
Pound£ Dollar$
Equilibrium:
$1 = £1
2£/1$
1£/1$
1£/4$
US Dollar
appreciates
US Dollar
depreciates
Demand by British Q
Quantity of US Dollars

9. FOREX Supply and Demand
Imagine a huge table with all the different currencies from every country
Just like at a product market, you can’t take things without paying.
If you demand one currency, you must supply your currency.
Ex: If Canadians what Russian Rubles. The demand for Rubles in the FOREX market will increase and the supply of Canadian Dollars will increase.

10. Foreign Exchange (FOREX)
Changes in Tastes: U.S. is hosting the Olympics
Demand for dollars increases (shifts right): Dollar -appreciates
Supply of pounds increases (shifts right): Pound - depreciates
Changes in Relative Incomes (affects imports):
US growth increase US incomes - U.S. buys more imports.
U.S. Demand for pounds increases (shifts right): Pound - appreciates
Supply of U.S. dollars increases (shifts right): Dollar depreciates
FOREX
Shifters
Changes in Relative Price Level (imports):
US prices increase relative to Britain - U.S. demand for cheaper imports increases.
U.S. demand for pounds increases (shifts right): Pound- appreciates
Supply of U.S. dollars increases (shifts right): Dollar- depreciates
Changes in relative Interest Rates:
US has a higher interest rate than Britain.
The British want to put money in US banks
Capital Flow increase towards the US
British Demand for U.S. dollars increases: Dollar - appreciates
British supply more pounds: Pound - depreciates

11. How do these scenarios affect exports and imports?
Practice
For each of the following examples, identify what will happen to the value of US Dollars and Japanese Yen.
American tourists increase visits to Japan.
The US government significantly decreases personal income tax.
Inflation in the Japan rises significantly faster than in the US.
Japan has a large budget deficit that increases Japanese interest rates.
Japan places high tariffs on all US imports.
The US suffers a larger recession.
The US Federal Reserve sells bonds at high interest rates.
How do these scenarios affect exports and imports?

12. Practice USD depreciates and Yen appreciates
For each of the following examples, identify what will happen to the value of US Dollars and Japanese Yen.
USD depreciates and Yen appreciates
USD appreciates and Yen depreciates
USD depreciates (Demand Falls) and Yen appreciates (Supply Falls)
USD appreciates (Supply Falls) and Yen depreciates (Demand Falls)
Scenarios 1, 2, and 4 will increase US exports because US products are now relatively “cheaper”