1. Chapter 2

2. Henry David Thoreau wrote Life in the Woods(1854)
“We need the tonic of wildness...”

3. Congress of 1891 Forest Reserve Act
established that federal government was responsible for protecting public lands from exploitation

4. John Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892
responsible for establishing Yosemite National Park in 1890.

5. President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
Antiquities Act of 1906
Allows the president to protect areas of scientific or historical interest on federal lands as national monuments.
He persuaded Congress to grant the president power to designate public land as federal wildlife reserves
Castillo de San Marcos, Florida (Coolidge)
Fort Jefferson, Florida (FDR
Santa Rosa Island
Fort Matanzas, Florida

6. Congress 1916 National Park Service Act
Parks are to be maintained in a manner that leaves them unimpaired for future generations

7. Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
promoted resource removal from public lands at low prices to stimulate economic growth.

8. The Great Depression
devastating period for the nation, but forestalled the purchase of public lands by private interests.

9. President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC)
1933.Two million people obtained work with CCC restoring degraded environments and building dams, etc.

10. Rachel Carson

11. Congress 1964 Wilderness Act
Authorized government to protect undeveloped tracts of land, unless Congress later decides to use it for national good.

12. Paul Erlich, Barry Commoner, and Garrett Hardin
described the relationships among population growth, resource use, and pollution.
Everything is connected to everything else.
There is one ecosphere for all living organisms
and what affects one, affects all.
Everything must go somewhere.
There is no "waste" in nature and there is no
"away" to which things can be thrown.
Nature knows best. Humankind has
fashioned technology to improve upon
nature, but such change in a natural system
is, says Commoner, "likely to be detrimental
to that system"
There is no such thing as a free lunch.
Exploitation of nature will inevitably involve
the conversion of resources from useful to
useless forms.

13. Astronaut William Anders during the Apollo 8 mission,
Photographs of Earth from space in 1969 resulted in a “spaceship earth” environmental worldview.

14. 20 million hippies
Celebrate the first Earth Day, held April 20, 1970

15. President Richard Nixon
established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970.
purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress.

16. Supported passage of Endangered Species Act
to protect and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems upon which they depend.

17. Federal Land Policy and Management Act in 1978.
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) received its first real authority to manage public lands under its control with the passage of this act.

18. “sagebrush rebellion”
resulted as miners, ranchers, loggers, developers, farmers, and others joined together to try to greatly reduce government regulation and to persuade legislators to sell or lease these lands to private interests at low prices.

19. President Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
persuaded congress to create the Department of Energy with the task of reducing the heavy dependence of the country on imported oil.

20. President Ronald Ragan
greatly increased private energy and mineral development and timber cutting on public lands during his eight years in office.

21. The “wise-use” movement
formed in 1988, backed by coal, oil, mining, automobile, timber, and ranching interests. The goals were to weaken/repeal environmental laws and incapacitate the movement.

22. Bill Clinton
protected more public land as national monuments in the lower 48 states than any other president.

23. Bush
His policies rested on increasing use of fossil fuels and a relaxation of air and water quality standards. He also tried to repeal or weaken most of the pro-environmental measures established by Clinton.