1. Chapter 15 Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas

2. Section 1: Conquest in the Americas
Focus Question:
How did a small number of Spanish conquistadors conquer huge Native American empires?

3. First Encounters Spanish conquistadors
Spanish fighters who vanquished the Americas
Settled in Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico
Forced Native Americans to work and convert to Christianity
Settlers had better weapons
Native Americans had no immunity to disease

4. Explorer who fought and subdued the Aztecs
HERNÁN CORTÉS
Cuban landowner
1519 – Arrived in Mexico
Explorer who fought and subdued the Aztecs
Helped conquer the Aztecs by forming alliances

5. Moctezuma Aztec emperor Feared Cortes and the Spanish
Imprisoned for riches, signed over land to Spanish
Many Spanish, Aztecs and Native Americans fought for the same land
END RESULTS:
Moctezuma killed
Tenochtitlan destroyed
Smallpox spread among Aztecs

6. Pizarro Takes Peru
Inca rumored to have had greater wealth than the Aztec
Pizarro arrives in 1532
Atahualpa
Leader of the Inca
Just won the throne through a bloody civil war against his brother
Refuses to be a vassal or convert to Christianity
Pizarro-seeks other native support
Captures Atahualpa and demands huge ransom
Receives ransom and kills him anyway
The Spanish continue to spread taking over most of South America

7. Effects of Spanish Conquistadors
Spain became largest & wealthiest empire
Hundreds of thousands of Native Americans died
Disrupted entire way of life: religion, power, etc.
Many Indians fought Spanish rule
Native American culture influenced Latin American culture
Changed global encounters – world connected by sea
routes – people, goods and ideas

8. Section 2: Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas
Focus Question:
How did Spain and Portugal build colonies in the Americas?

9. Ruling Spanish Empire
Divided into provinces ruled by viceroys, representatives who ruled in the name of the Spanish monarchs
Spread Christianity
Controlled trade to make the most money
Encomienda- forcing Native Americans to work under harsh conditions
Bartolome de Las Casas spoke out against system
Peons – worked to pay off debt
Used slave labor from Africa

10. Colonial Society and Culture
Cultural blending – European, African, Indian
Layered society – distinct social classes
Peninsulares – born in Spain
Creoles – American-born descendants of Spanish
Mestizos – Native-American and European
Mulattoes – African and European
Africans
Lively towns and cities
Valued education and Christianity

11. Portuguese in Brazil Brazil did not offer immediate wealth
Natives –Tupian Indians- suffered from disease
Portuguese named colony after Brazilwood
Culture emerged from Indians, Africans, Europeans
Pirates preyed on treasure from Americas
Privateers- pirates who operated with the approval of European governments

12. Section 3: Struggle for North America
Focus Question:
How did European struggles for power shape the North American continent?

13. New France Provided revenues for parent country
Jacques Cartier- explorer who claimed much of Canada for France
Furs, trapping, and fishing popular
France’s empire reached from Quebec to Great Lakes to MS River
Population grows slowly, mainly due to harsh weather conditions

14. The 13 English Colonies 1607 – first permanent settlement at Jamestown
Pilgrims at Plymouth colony rejected Church of England
Colonies of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were set up mainly as havens for persecuted protestants
Mayflower Compact (agreement) – rules to govern the Plymouth colony

15. Why does everyone want colonies????

16. Struggle for Power
Spain, France, England and Netherlands all had colonies in North America
French and Indian War fought between British and French
George Washington was a leader
Turned into Seven Years’ War and spread into Europe in 1756 – then to India and Africa
Treaty of Paris (1763) ended war – British prevailed, gained control of the Caribbean and most of North America.

17. Section 4: Atlantic Slave Trade
Focus Question:
How did the Atlantic slave trade shape the lives and economies of Africans and Europeans?

18. Triangle Trade Three-legged international trade system
First leg – European goods to Africa (guns, cloth, cash)
Second leg (Middle Passage) – slaves transported to Americas
Third leg – colonial goods (sugar, molasses, cotton, furs, salt fish) traded for European commodities

19. Middle Passage Terrible treatment of slaves
Men, women and children chained to each other
Many died from starvation, disease, suicide, pirates or trying to escape
The slave ships were
referred to as “Floating coffins”- due to the amount of death that occurred during the voyage

20. Impact of Slave Trade Brought wealth to merchants and traders
Provided labor that made colonies grow
African states and societies torn apart
Estimated 11 million enslaved sent to Americas
Another 2 million died
Entire cities/villages gone from Africa

21. Section 5: Effects of Global Contact
Focus Question:
How did voyages of European explorers lead to new economic systems in Europe and its colonies?

22. Columbian Exchange Vast global exchange started with Columbus
New foods and animals
Population exploded
Partly because of new foods and resources
Migration expanded
Some populations suffered disease

23. Columbian Exchange

24. Commercial Revolution
Inflation: increase in price linked to sharp increase in amount of money available
Price Revolution – period in Europe of inflation
Capitalism: economic system in which most businesses are owned privately
Entrepreneurs: People who took financial risk to make profits
Mercantilism: wealth of nation in gold and silver
Increasing national wealth
Tariffs: taxes on imported goods