1. Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914)
Lesson 1 Revolutions Sweep Europe

2. Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914)
Lesson 1 Revolutions Sweep Europe
Learning Objectives
Compare the goals of conservatives and liberals in 19th century Europe.
Identify the influence of liberty, equality, and nationalism on political revolutions.
Describe the causes and results of the revolutions of 1830 and 1848.

3. A Clash of Ideologies
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the powerful rulers of Europe sought to suppress revolutionary ideas, preserve their own power, and set up a lasting peace.
Prince Clemens von Metternich, a commanding force at the congress, warned of the dangers of the 'revolutionary seed' spread by the French Revolution and Napoleon.
Revolutionary ideas, he warned, not only threatened Europe’s monarchs, but also undermined the values of the old social order.

4. Analyze Political Cartoons A determined Prince Metternich stands firm, with an angry crowd behind him. Who does the crowd represent, and what do they want?
A Clash of Ideologies

5. Challenging the conservatives at every turn were the liberals.
Liberalism and Nationalism Spur Revolts
Challenging the conservatives at every turn were the liberals.
Liberals embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
Their goals, and the rising tide of nationalism, ignited revolts across Europe.

6. Liberalism and Nationalism Spur Revolts
After the Congress of Vienna, liberals repeatedly protested and rebelled against the conservative order. Compare How do the liberal protesters in this image differ in appearance from the image of the conservative leader Metternich in the previous text?

7. Liberalism and Nationalism Spur Revolts

8. Rebellions Erupt in Eastern Europe
Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and nationalism, revolutionaries fought against the old order. Although these ideas stirred unrest in Western Europe, the first successful nationalist revolts occurred in Eastern Europe.
Eastern Europe was home to a mix of peoples and religions. In the early 1800s, several Balkan peoples in southeastern Europe rebelled against the Ottomans, who had ruled them for more than 300 years.

9. Rebellions Erupt in Eastern Europe
Analyze Information Despite conservative efforts to suppress revolutions, uprisings exploded in Central Europe. How did nationalism spark uprisings and the spread of revolutionary ideas?

10. Rebellions Erupt in Eastern Europe
A Greek revolutionary carries the flag of rebellion during Greece's revolt against Ottoman rule in With aid from Russia, Britain, and France, Greece won independence by 1830.

11. Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
In the 1820s, conservative forces quickly suppressed the liberal uprisings in Spain, Portugal, and the Italian states.
They could not, however, end Europe’s age of revolutions. Liberal French leader Alexis de Tocqueville warned that the revolutions of the 1820s were not over.

12. Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
The Congress of Vienna restored King Louis XVIII of France to the throne.

13. Demands for Reform Spread
The July Revolution in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere in Europe. Metternich later said, “When France sneezes, Europe catches cold.”
Most of the uprisings were suppressed. But here and there, rebels did force changes on conservative governments.
Even when they failed, revolutions frightened rulers badly enough to encourage reforms later in the century.

14. Demands for Reform Spread
Analyze Maps What were the results of the revolutions of 1830?

15. Demands for Reform Spread
In 1830, the Belgians revolted against Dutch rule. The following year, Belgium became an independent state. The Dutch did not recognize Belgium's independence until 1839.

16. The Revolution of 1848 in France
By the 1840s, discontent in France was again reaching a boiling point.
The Industrial Revolution was changing life in France, especially in the cities.
Politically, France remained divided. Radicals still wanted a republic.
Utopian socialists called for an end to private ownership of property.
Even liberals denounced Louis Philippe’s government for corruption.

17. The Revolution of 1848 in France
The residents of a Parisian slum suffered from an economic recession during the late 1840s. Economic problems led to unrest in France in 1848.

18. Revolution Spreads Across Europe
The Revolution of 1848 in France triggered a wave of revolutions across Europe, just as it had in 1830.
For opponents of the old order, it was a time of such hope that they called it the “springtime of the peoples.”
Although events in France touched off the revolts, grievances had been piling up for years.

19. Revolution Spreads Across Europe
Revolts broke out across Europe in Here, protesters demonstrate in front of a factory in Vienna.

20. Revolution Spreads Across Europe
Analyze Charts The revolutions of 1848 had many causes, including economic hardship. Could one single factor have led to such widespread rebellion? Why or why not?

21. Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Preview
Main Idea / Reading Focus
The Austrian Empire
The Dual Monarchy
Map: Ethnic Groups in Austria-Hungary
The Ottoman Empire
Map: The Ottoman Empire

22. Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Main Idea
Nationalism broke down two old European empires—the Austrian Hapsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
Reading Focus
In what ways did the Austrian Empire struggle with nationalism in 1848 and beyond?
What was the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and why was it created?
How did nationalism create conflict in the Ottoman Empire?

23. Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
Witness History Audio: Balkan Nationalism
The Hapsburg Empire Declines
The Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist activity in their lands, but the people were too diverse to coexist under one government. The Hungarians were especially determined to become independent.
Formation of the Dual Monarchy
Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out a compromise with Austria that gave Hungary status as a separate state with its own constitution. However, Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and Hungary. This made other subject peoples more determined to have their own states.
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Who does ‘they’ refer to in the quotation?” (European powers) “How is this statement an expression of nationalism?” (It says that the Balkan states want to be independent nations, able to control their own destinies.)
When showing Color Transparency 135, ask “What made the Austrian empire vulnerable to nationalist efforts?” (It was multinational and fragmented and ethnically diverse.)
When showing Color Transparency 134, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
Color Transparency 135: Court Ball at the Hofburg
Geography Interactive: Major Nationalities in Eastern Europe,
Note Taking Transparency 141
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24. The Austrian Empire
At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain intact through the remainder of the 1800s.
Austrian emperor, Foreign Minister Metternich tried to maintain power of monarchy, empire
Metternich accused universities of creating revolutionaries
Resistance to Change
Metternich called meeting of Confederation, passed Carlsbad Decrees
Prohibited any reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy
Carlsbad Decrees
Decrees established censorship of newspapers
Created secret police to spy on students suspected of revolutionary activities
Other Prohibitions

25. Resistance to Change
Metternich not only created restrictive laws for empire
Formed alliances with other European powers trying to prevent nationalist revolutions
Congress of Troppau, 1820
Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers
Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution

26. Turmoil in Europe, Austria
Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years
Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him
Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian Empire; people with different nationalities wanted independence
Revolution
Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna
Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign
Metternich fled Austria
1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I

27. During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire
Resistance to Change
During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire
1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule
Almost won independence
Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria crush revolt
Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could not stamp out nationalism
Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution temporarily

28. Court Ball at the Hofburg

29. What was the purpose of the Congress of Troppau?
Find the Main Idea
What was the purpose of the Congress of Troppau?
Answer(s): to unite European powers in trying to prevent nationalist revolutions

30. Forming a New Government
The Dual Monarchy
Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement. Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.
As nationalist movement continued in Europe, Austria lost Lombardy to Italy, 1859
1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia brought new demands from Hungarians
Franz Josef I, Hungarian nationalist movement leaders reached agreement, Compromise of 1867
Forming a New Government
Created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Austria, Hungary became two separate, equal states with one ruler, Franz Josef I
Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria, king of Hungary
Each had own parliament, shared ministries of war, finance, foreign affairs
Compromise of 1867

31. An Uneven Solution Rural and Industrial Unrest
Dual Monarchy lasted about 50 years, until 1918
Eased pressure for nationalism; also had economic advantages
Rural, agricultural Hungary could provide raw materials, food
Industrialized Austria could provide industrial products
Rural and Industrial
Unrest in empire did not go away; divisions remained among various nationalities
Austrian Germans, Hungarian Magyars did not speak same language
Ethnic minorities received little benefit from Dual Monarchy, continued to seek self-government
Unrest

33. What was the basic structure of the government in Austria-Hungary?
Describe
What was the basic structure of the government in Austria-Hungary?
Answer(s): two separate, equal states under one ruler, with separate parliaments but some shared government ministries, as well as a joint government

34. Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
The Ottoman Empire Collapses
During the 1800s, various peoples ruled by the Ottomans staged revolts. Other European countries seized the opportunity to try to take control of Ottoman lands. One of the most contentious regions was the Balkans, where an event would help to start World War I.
Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Who does ‘they’ refer to in the quotation?” (European powers) “How is this statement an expression of nationalism?” (It says that the Balkan states want to be independent nations, able to control their own destinies.)
When showing Color Transparency 135, ask “What made the Austrian empire vulnerable to nationalist efforts?” (It was multinational and fragmented and ethnically diverse.)
When showing Color Transparency 134, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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35. The Ottoman Empire Empire in Decline The Eastern Question
Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast multiethnic territory
Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews
Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s
Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could not defend self against independence movement, external threats
1830, Greece had gained independence; Russia controlled Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled
Empire in Decline
Situation created “Eastern Question”—what would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed?
Russia wanted Constantinople, access to Mediterranean
French, British aided Ottoman Empire, held Russia off
The Eastern Question

36. The Crimea Holy Land Russian Invasion Great Britain, France Stalemate
Ottomans, Europeans had dispute over Holy Land
Ottomans gave Roman Catholics control of Palestine holy places
Russian Invasion
Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians same rights
Russians invaded Ottoman territories
Great Britain, France
Great Britain saw Russia as potential threat to India interest
Allied with France
Both joined Ottoman Empire in war against Russia
Stalemate
Crimean War ended in stalemate, caused half million deaths
Nurse Florence Nightingale saved many lives during war

38. The Balkans Hot Spot Conflicts and Wars Route to Mediterranean
Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire
Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence
Conflicts and Wars
Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s
Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans
Route to Mediterranean
Russians saw Balkans as route to Mediterranean, wanted to gain
Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans

39. National Ties Balkan Wars Constantinople Congress of Berlin
Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups
At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe
Balkan issues far from settled
Constantinople
With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers became alarmed
1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation
Congress of Berlin
Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans
Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic, national ties; led to conflicts for years to come

40. Representative Government
Political Reform
1908, nationalist group Young Turks began revolution
Young Turks fighting against absolute power of sultan, ruler of Ottoman Empire
Conflict
Young Turks devoted to restoring constitution
Revolution helped ensure more representative, liberal government
Education improved, government took steps to provide individual liberties
Representative Government

41. Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4
Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914
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42. Recall
How were European nations involved in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer(s): became involved in wars to protect their own territorial interests and the overall balance of power

43. Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4
Note Taking Transparency 141
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44. Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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