1. UNIT SIX
present perfect
& continuous

2. The RESULT can be seeeeeeeeeeeeen. He has opened the door.
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense can describe A COMPLETED ACTION in the RECENT PAST.
The RESULT can be seeeeeeeeeeeeen.
He has opened the door.
The door is open now.
Ayşe has cleaned the board.
The board is clean now.
They have eaten their hamburgers.
They’re not hungry now.

3. We have tidied our rooms. Our rooms are tidy now.
He has cut his finger.
His finger is bleeding now.

4. I have cleaned the table. It is clean now.
He has opened the door. It is open now.
Ali has broken his computer. It is broken now.
Teams have scored a lot of goals this season.
Astronomers have discovered some stars this century.
My mother has prayed a lot this week.

5. Today isn’t finished, It is half past eight now….
Present Perfect Shows UNFINISHED TIME:
Unfinished time ?
F u t u r e
………………………………………24 hours
P a s t
Now
08.30 a.m.
t o d a y
Today isn’t finished, It is half past eight now….

6. This week isn’t finished, It is WEDNESDAY today….
Present Perfect Shows UNFINISHED TIME:
Unfinished time ?
M T W T F S S
F u t u r e
P a s t
this week
This week isn’t finished, It is WEDNESDAY today….

7. This year isn’t finished, It is APRIL now….
Present Perfect Shows UNFINISHED TIME:
Unfinished time ?
F u t u r e A J F M M J J A S O N D
P a s t
this year
This year isn’t finished, It is APRIL now….

8. I graduated from university
The present perfect is OFTEN used with SINCE & FOR
To express the UNFINISHED PAST.
I have studied Spanish since I graduated from
university.
now
I have STUDied .
1988
I graduated from university

9. I haven’t seen you since THURSDAY.
Tuesday
I haven’t seen
Since . .
Now
Friday
Sunday
Monday
Thursday
Saturday

10. . I have seen a lot of beautiful places in my life. P a s t 2007
I have seen beautiful places .
Now
1997 Went America
2004 Went China
1999 Went Spain
2006 Went Italy

11. . . I was a teacher 18 years ago. + I am a teacher NOW
I HAVE BEEN a teacher for 18 years.
P a s t
for 18 years.
Now . .
1989
2007

12. Since: shows STARTING point in the past
Her sister HAS lived there since 1987.
I HAVE not RIDDEN a donkey since I was 7.
We were both in the Independence War. But
We HAVE not SEEN each other SINCE.

13. Since: shows STARTING point in the past
Her sister HAS lived there since 1987.
2007
P a s t
Now .
Present
1987
Since 1987

14. Since: shows STARTING point in the past
I HAVE not RIDDEN a donkey since I was 7.
2007
P a s t
Now
1972 .
I am 42 years old.
present
Since I was seven

15. . Since: shows STARTING point in the past
We were both in the Independence War. But
We HAVE not SEEN each other SINCE.
2007
P a s t
Now .
present
the Independence War

16. She has lived here for 15 years.
For: shows DURATION
She has lived here for 15 years.
I haven’t ridden a donkey for 8 years.
They have been in prison for 6 months.

17. She has lived here for 15 years.
For: shows DURATION
She has lived here for 15 years.
2007
Now
P a s t .
present
1992
For 15 years

18. I haven’t ridden a donkey for 8 years.
For: shows DURATION
I haven’t ridden a donkey for 8 years.
P a s t
1999
2007
Now .
present
for 8 years.

19. They have been in prison for 6 months.
For: shows DURATION
They have been in prison for 6 months.
for 6 months
April .
Now
October

20. JUST, ALREADY, YET, RECENTLY, LATELY
I have JUST received a letter.
She has JUST gone out.
The teacher has JUST eaten a toast.
They have JUST washed the dishes.
We have ALREADY done our homework.
You have ALREADY come here.
He has ALREADY brushed his hair.
The doctor has ALREADY examined the patient.

21. JUST, ALREADY, YET, RECENTLY, LATELY
Lately: recently, in recent times
The architects have built several buildings LATELY.
The students have solved a lot of questions LATELY.
Ali has studied hard RECENTLY.
She has painted her room RECENTLY.
Recently: lately, in recent times
son günlerde, son zamanlarda, bu yakında, bu aralar

22. JUST, ALREADY, YET, RECENTLY, LATELY
( ? ) (not)
Have you cleaned the car yet?
Has she bought a tv yet?
Have they answered your letter yet?
He has not / hasn’t eaten his toast yet.
We have not / haven’t done our homework yet.
She has not / hasn’t watered the flowers yet.

23. Up to the present, SO FAR, till now
Nobody has cleaned the room UP TO THE PRESENT.
They have watered seven fields SO FAR.
The patient has only drunk water TILL NOW.
So far: up until now, until this moment, thus far
Ever, never
Have you ever seen Rize?
Have you ever visited a foreign country?
Has he ever bought you a bunch of flowers?
I have never seen a kangaroo.
She has never sent me a letter.
We have never hurt each other.

24. They have gone to Istanbul. They are in Istanbul now.
Gone to, been to
She has gone to Ankara.
She is in Ankara now.
They have gone to Istanbul.
They are in Istanbul now.
She has been to ANKARA.
(She went there but she isn’t there now.)
They have been to Istanbul.
(They went to Istanbul but they are not in Istanbul, now)

25. . . She has gone to Ankara. She is in Ankara now. Ankara Kastamonu
She is still in Ankara.
She has gone to Ankara.

26. . . They have been to Istanbul. (They went to Istanbul but
they are not in Istanbul, now)
Kastamonu
Istanbul . .

27. E x e r c i s e s
TRANSLATE INTO TURKISH
How many books have you read so far?
They have vacuumed the carpets.
I’ve already seen that film.
The soldiers haven’t arrived yet.
How long have you been a teacher?
My brother has eaten seven eggs today.
Don’t wash that shirt. I’ve washed it.
We have eaten too much chicken since we began
the journey.

28. They have never climbed that mountain.
How much money have you paid for this car?
Your father is looking for you. Where have you been?
She has not eaten anything since she got up.
They have not seen each other for five years.

29. Present Perfect
Continuous

30. . . The present perfect continuous Tense INDICATES/shows
an action that extends
from the past to the present moment,
The action is STILL in PROGRESS and,
may also
CONTINUE into the future.
an action that extends
To the present . .
The action is STILL in PROGRESS
NOW
From the past
Extend: stretch, enlarge, lengthen / uzamak, sürmek

31. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
We are interested in the ACTION.
It DOESN’T MATTER whether something has been finished or not.
(It isn’t IMPORTANT whether something has been finished or not.)

32. Present Perfect CONTINUOUS TENSE
Present Perfect Tense can describe A COMPLETED ACTION in the RECENT PAST.
The RESULT can be seeeeeeeeeeeeen.
I have eaten three apples.
She has read the book.
We have closed the door.
COMPLETED
ACTIONS
Present Perfect CONTINUOUS TENSE
The action is STILL in PROGRESS and,
may also
CONTINUE into the future.
I have been driving for hours.
Ayça has been watching tv since 8 pm.

33. I have been driving for hours. Ayça has been watching tv since 8 pm.
The actions are STILL in PROGRESS

34. The mechanic has been mending the car.
The farmer has been watering the fields.
The students have been reading the text.
It has been raining.
The baby has been sleeping.
These actions / VERBS are STILL in PROGRESS
We are interested in the ACTION.
It DOESN’T MATTER whether something has been finished or not.
(It isn’t IMPORTANT whether something has been finished or not.)

35. The mechanic has been mending the car. This sentence MEANS;
The action is STILL in PROGRESS
b) It isn’t important whether THE ACTION / VERB has been finished or not.
The mechanic has mended the car.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN

36. The students have been reading the text. This sentence MEANS;
a) The action is STILL in PROGRESS
b) It isn’t important whether THE ACTION / VERB has been finished or not.
The students have read the text.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN

37. The farmer has been watering the fields. This sentence MEANS;
The action is STILL in PROGRESS
b) It isn’t important whether THE ACTION / VERB has been finished or not.
The farmer has watered the fields.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN

38. The mechanic has been mending the car.
This sentence MEANS;
The action is STILL in PROGRESS
b) It isn’t important whether THE ACTION / VERB has been finished or not.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN
The mechanic has mended the car.
This sentence MEANS;
The action is COMPLETED.
b) It is important that THE ACTION / VERB has been finished.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN

39. The students have been reading the text.
This sentence MEANS;
The action is STILL in PROGRESS
b) It isn’t important whether THE ACTION / VERB has been finished or NOT.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN
The students have read the text.
This sentence MEANS;
The action is COMPLETED / finished.
b) It is important that THE ACTION / VERB has been finished.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN

40. The action is COMPLETED / finished.
THE PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE
The action is COMPLETED / finished.
b) It is important that THE ACTION / VERB has been finished.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN
THE PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
The action is STILL in PROGRESS
b) It isn’t important whether THE ACTION / VERB has been finished or NOT.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN

41. TENSE THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Ayşe HAS WASHED the dishes.
The action is COMPLETED.
b) It is important that THE ACTION / VERB has been finished.
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN
They are clean now.
THE PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
Ayşe HAS BEEN WASHING the dishes.
The action is STILL in PROGRESS
b) It isn’t important
Whether
Ayşe HAS WASHED the dishes.
Ayşe HAS BEEN WASHING the dishes. (or)
(THE ACTION has been finished or NOT.)
c) But its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN
They are clean now.

42. The present perfect continuous Tense INDICATES/shows
an action that extends
from the past to the present moment,
The action is STILL in PROGRESS
and, may also
CONTINUE into the future.
He has been working in Ankara for 10 years now.
has been working
He is STILL working
in Ankara
now.
P a s t
P r e s e n t
2007
1997

43. ! I M P O R T A N T ! The present perfect CONTINUOUS may ALSO show
an action
Which is NO LONGER in progress,
Yet its effects can still be SEEEEEEEN.
I am tired. I have been digging all day.
His eyes are red. He has been reading for hours.
They are out of breath.
They have been running for 5 hours.
His hands are dirty.
He has been repairing his car.

44. He has been digging all day.
He is tired.
He has been digging all day.
He is tired.
N O W
He has been digging all day.
dig

45. He has been repairing his car.
His hands are dirty.
He has been repairing his car.
He has been repairing his car.
P a s t
His hands are dirty.
N O W
repair

46. He has been reading for hours.
His eyes are red.
He has been reading for hours.
He has been reading for hours.
His eyes are red.
NOW
R E A D

47. Ali’s clothes are covered in paint. He HAS BEEN PAINTING the ceiling.
We are interested in the ACTION.
It DOESN’T MATTER whether something has been finished or not.
(It isn’t IMPORTANT whether something has been finished or not.)

48. Buğra’s hands are very dirty. He HAS BEEN REPAIRING the car.
It DOESN’T MATTER whether something has been finished or not.

49. You HAVE BEEN SMOKING too much.
You should smoke less.
You HAVE BEEN SMOKING too much.
It isn’t IMPORTANT whether something has been finished or not.

50. We use Present Perfect CONTINUOUS to say HOW LONG
something has been happening.
Enes HAS BEEN WRITING letters ALL DAY.
How long: (Ne zamandan beri, Ne kadar zamandır)

51. We use Present Perfect CONTINUOUS to say HOW LONG
something has been happening.
Özlem HAS BEEN PLAYING tennis SINCE 2 o’clock.
They HAVE BEEN STUDYING their lessons FOR hours.

52. We use Present Perfect CONTINUOUS to say HOW LONG
something has been happening.
We HAVE BEEN LEARNING English FOR 5 years.
I HAVE BEEN LIVING in Kastamonu SINCE 1991.
(I have been living in Kastamonu FOR sixteen years.)

53. HOW LONG has Enes been writing letters? (all day) ALL DAY
Enes HAS BEEN WRITING letters ALL DAY.
He HAS BEEN WRITING letters ALL DAY.
How long: (Ne zamandan beri, Ne kadar zamandır)

54. . HOW LONG has Özlem been playing tennis? (two o’clock)
SINCE 2 o’clock
Özlem HAS BEEN PLAYING tennis SINCE 2 o’clock.
She HAS BEEN PLAYING tennis SINCE 2 o’clock.
It is NOT importnt whether something has been finished or not. .
P a s t
Now it is 5 o’clock.
She started playing tennis at 2.

55. . How long HAVE the students BEEN STUDYING their lessons? (hours)
FOR hourS
The students HAVE BEEN STUDYING their lessons FOR hours.
They HAVE BEEN STUDYING their lessons
FOR hours.
Now .

56. HOW LONG have you been learning English? (2002) SINCE 2002
We HAVE BEEN LEARNING English SINCE 2002.
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Now it is 2007
P a s t
Starting point
222

57. Some verbs are not used in CONTINUOUS form; (STATIVE VERBS)
“Know, like, love, remember, belong, see, hear, forget,
believe, lost, break, wish, want, think, seem, smell, own, hate…..”
Know + ing = knowing
Love + ing = loving
Want + ing = wanting
We can NOT use these verbs in continuous form.

58. John is from Australia. Now he’s travelling round
Europe. He began his tour three months ago.
John has been travelling round Europe for 3 months.
He has been travelling round Europe since January.
Jan
Feb
March
A p r i l
N o w
for 3 months
since January
travel

59. I have been learning English for a long time.
Sorry I am late. Have you been waiting long?
It has been raining since I got up this morning.
The actions are STILL happening NOW.
learn
wait
rain

60. It has been raining since I got up this morning.
Now it’s 11 a.m
It has been raining
P a s t
It is STILL
RAINING
I got up this morning at 8.
It was raining.

61. Tom has been driving for ten years. How long have you been smoking?
Repeated actions;
Tom has been driving for ten years.
How long have you been smoking?

62. Present perfect ? / Perfect Continuous ?
E X E R C I S E
Present perfect ? / Perfect Continuous ?
We have been living in the same building for three years
We have lived in the same building for three years
Now but I just can’t stand it anymore.
My husband lost his job and hasn’t been finding a new one
so far.
My husband lost his job and hasn’t found a new one so far.

63. Present perfect / Perfect Continuous
They have been being very noisy since they moved in.
They have been very noisy since they moved in.
Her little daughter has been taking violin lessons.
Her little daughter has taken violin lessons.

64. I have been working as a music teacher since I was 24.
I have worked as a music teacher since I was 24.
I have been falling asleep in the class, too.
I have fallen asleep in the class, too.

65. Mrs. Joy has been buying a parrot for her little son.
Mrs. Joy has bought a parrot for her little son.
The parrot has been repeating everything it hears.
The parrot has repeated everything it hears.

66. Present perfect ? / Perfect Continuous ?
E X E R C I S E
Present perfect ? / Perfect Continuous ?
My grandfather ……………………………………..(wash) his car for an hour but he still ………………………………….. (not finish) it.
How long …………………………………….. (you/drive)?
How many tests ………………..……………….. (you/take) so far?
They …………………………………….. (never/quarrel) like this before.
You look exhausted! What ……………….……………………….. (you/do)?
has been washing
hasn’t finished
have you been driving
have you taken
have never quarrelled
have you been doing

67. Rewrite the following sentences
Dilara and Duygu are playing scrabble.
They started playing it an hour ago. (for)
Dilara and Duygu HAVE BEEN PLAYING scrabble for an hour.
She started writing a novel eight months ago.
now it is May. (since)
She has been writing a novel since October.
My mother went to the supermarket at 2 p.m. Now, it is
4 p.m. And she hasn’t come back yet. (for)
My mother has been at the supermarket for two hours.

68. It is 11 a.m. And I am about to start reading the third
chapter of “Jane Eyre”. (so far)
It is 11 a. m. and I have read two chapters of Jane Eyre so far.
My grandfather was born in this town and still lives here. (since)
My grandfather has been living in this town since he was born.
The last time I went to a concert was two months ago. (for)
I haven’t been to a concert for two months.

69. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

70. Some + one
+ body
+ thing
+ where
There is someone in the class.
There is somebody in the class.
There is something in the bag.
I know somewhere to swim.
Somewhere near lake is good for picnic.
Tell me somewhere to go fishing.
Give me something to write.
Tell me something nice.
He put something in his suitcase.

71. Somebody took my dictionary. Somebody sent me an e-mail.
I gave someone a book an hour ago.
Something strange happened last night.
I saw something wonderful yesterday.

72. Any + one
+ body
+ thing
+ where
There is someone in the class.
Is there ANYone in the class?
There is NOT ANYone in the class.
There is somebody in the class.
Is there ANYbody in the class?
There is NOT ANYbody in the class.
There is something in the bag.
Is there ANYthing in the bag?
There is NOT ANYthing in the bag.

73. I know somewhere to swim.
Do you know ANYwhere to swim?
I do NOT know ANYwhere to swim.
NO + one
+ body
+ thing
+ where
There is no one in the class.
There is no body in the class.
There is nothing in my bag.
There is nowhere to sleep.

74. There is someone there.
There is something in my bag.
There is somewhere to go.
There is NOT ANYone there.
There is NOT ANYthing in my bag.
There is NOT ANYwhere to go.
There is NO one there.
There is NOthing in my bag.
There is NOwhere to go.
Nobody liveS here. Nobody studIES.
Nobody goES there. Nobody watchES tv.

75. Everything in the garden is lovely.
every+ one
+ body
+ thing
+ where
Everybody is here.
Everyone likes Turkish.
Everyone has a wonderful family.
Everything is here.
Everything is okey.
I know everybody.
I know everything.
Everybody here is nice.
Everything in the garden is lovely.

76. Everyone in this class loves Mathematics.
Everybody is waiting for you.
I visited everywhere in London.
Everywhere is dark.
Everybody is silent in the class.

77. SOME ANY NO EVERY
one
body
thing
where
one
body
thing
where
one
body
thing
where
one
body
thing
where
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

78. Anyone can answer the question. Anyone can appply for the job.
I know anyone there.
Anyone there is tall.
You can go anywhere you wish.
You can sit anywhere you want
Visit anywhere nice.
Travel anywhere you like.
You can buy anything cheap.
I can play anything.
Anything on the table belgons to me.

79. UNDERLINE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
in each sentence.
I’m certain I put my mobile phone somewhere / anywhere here but I can’t find it.
I’m certain I put my mobile phone somewhere here but I can’t find it.
Don’t panic. There’s something / nothing to worry about.
Don’t panic. There’s nothing to worry about.
There isn’t anything / nothing to do now. Let’s wait and see!
There isn’t anything to do now. Let’s wait and see!

80. I am sure this lesson will be useful for everybody.
Everybody should know something about first aid.
Everybody should know something about simple
treatments.
We should avoid doing something wrong.

81. I’ve got something / nothing to tell you. It’s very urgent.
I’ve got something to tell you. It’s very urgent.
Hey! Is anybody / nobody there?
Hey! Is anybody there?

82. READ THE STORY AND CHOOSE THE CORRECT
PRONOUN. (pg: 52)
I had a terrible accident last Saturday. I don’t want to
see my rollerblades anymore. They made me hit that
huge tree.
I don’t want anybody to see me like that.
I don’t want nobody to see me like that.
I can’t go anywhere with my broken leg.
I can’t go nowhere with my broken leg.

83. READ THE STORY AND CHOOSE THE CORRECT
PRONOUN. (pg: 52)
No one can understand how I feel with my hair like this;
Anyone can understand how I feel with my hair like this;
but I can’t be angry with my doctors because they had to cut it because of the operation. Oh, my God!
I miss everybody in my class
I miss nobody in my class
and, I want to make a confession, I miss all my teachers!

84. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE SUITABLE
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
I am bored. There is ……………………………………to do.
My friend doesn’t want to eat ……………………………………in this Mexican restaurant. She thinks ……………………………………is too fatty and spicy.
There’s ……………………………………at the front door. Please go and open it.
The question wasn’t difficult.
……………………………………in class answered it.
nothing
anything
everthing
someone
Everybody

85. FIND the CLOSEST meaning
Mr. Blossom has watered the flowers.
This sentence means;
a) Mr. Blossom is still watering the flowers.
b) Mr. Blossom has finished watering the flowers.
Dilara has been studying since she came home.
Dilara started studying when she came home and she’s still studying.
b) Dilara started studying when she came home but she’ not studying now.

86. She has been to Çanakkale. a) She is in Çanakkale at the moment.
This sentence means;
a) She is in Çanakkale at the moment.
b) She went to Çanakkale in the past but now she’s not there.
b) She went to Çanakkale in the past but now she is not there.
Mr. Santos has been running this Mexican restaurant for 15 years.
Mr. Santos is still running this Mexican restaurant.
Mr. Santos has stopped running this Mexican restaurant.
He has gone to Marmaris.
He is in Marmaris now.
b) He has just come back from Marmaris.