1. T. Vedeld, W Kombe, C Kweka-Msala, S. Hellevik
Governance, urban planning and climate resilient cities in Africa. The case of Dar es Salaam
T. Vedeld, W Kombe, C Kweka-Msala, S. Hellevik
EU 7th framework programme, collaboration NIBR- Ardhi University Dar es Salaam,
NFU Annual Conference, November, 2012
Siri Bjerkreim Hellevik
Senior development researcher
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2. Introduction Dar es Salaam: Population 3 million
75% of population live in informal settlements
Rapid urbanisation: 1960s-70s : less than 20 big unplanned settlements, 1980s: almost 100. Currently: over 150 large settlements
Many settlements on low-lying areas, wetlands areas
Recurrent episodes of flooding in recent years
December worst flood, 40 died, damages to assets and livelihoods for thousands
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3. Methods
Review of policies, legal acts and national/international literature,
Semi-structured interviews with decision makers, practitioners and local community members at various levels and
Field observation
Maps
All authors have collected data in the field
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4. Dar es Salaam city
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5. Governance actors Dar es Salaam city council
Regional and district commissioners
Regional Secretariat
Three municipalities
Ward level
Sub-ward level (Mtaa level)
Private developers
Parastatal service delivery actors
International and local NGOs
Community-based organisations
Bilateral and multilatera donors, foundations (e.g. Clinton Foundation)
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6. Bonde la Mpunga
Highly risk exposed and vulnerable informal settlement in the city of Dar es Salaam
Old settlement
Wetlands area
TANESCO built office
Attractive area- on the Msasani peninsula
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7. Urban land use control and planning—planning for disaster risk management?
No specific budget subvote/ expenditure on climate change nor climate related environmental issues.
Only central government funds for disaster risk management
No budget allocation for land use development control
Land use development is largely informal and based on private buyers’ motives and interests
E.g. Kinondoni MC has no specific unit for land development control; land development control matters are handled as additional and not core function
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8. Urban land use control and planning—planning for disaster risk management?
Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlements Development (MLHHSD) and local government shares responsibility
National work on planning little attention to disaster risk management
Separate disaster management authority within PMO’s office, but few staff
local community action in disasters and some preparatory work (clear drains)
Regional and district commissioner’s committees operative in emergencies, but no prevention work
Ministry: approval of general and detailed planning schemes
Local governments: enforce land use development control and ensure systematic implementation of plans
Regional secretariats: oversee, clearing house for local government
new middle-class houses block the natural drainage system with direct adverse impact on the adjoining houses which are occupied by indigenous inhabitants. Local government do not seem to do anything about this situation. This leads one to conclude that the local government work on urban land use control and planning does not seem to take into consideration the risk of disasters or to involve the local population affected by planning decisions.
Often bureaucrats prepare plans and invites local community members to participate as a matter of informing them and selling their view on the proposals. Even then, ideas given by communities are not always incorporated in the plan
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9. Climate change adaptation and urban planning
CC units and funding are centralized in sector ministries
Minister of environment within the Vice President’s Cffice
Environment Division within the Vice President’s Office
Climate related issues addressed indirectly in preparation of plans (e.g. wetlands, flood plains, areas vulnerable to sea water rise).
BUT: Land use control not enforced- creates problems of flooding
No specific budget subvote/ expenditure on climate change nor climate related environmental issues
ACC Dar: Adapting to climate change in coastal Dar es Salaam, is a three year project co-funded by the European Commission.
Its aim is to contribute to the implementation of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) of the United Republic of Tanzania.
50 Municipal climate partnership: The '50 Municipal Climate Partnerships by 2015' project is being jointly implemented by the Service Agency Communities in One World and the North Rhine-Westphalian Working Party on Agenda 21 (LAG 21 NRW)
C40 climate leadership group: C40 is a network of the world’s megacities taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. With a unique set of assets, the C40 works with participating cities to address climate risks and impacts locally and globally. Cooperating with Clinton foundation

10. Climate change adaptation and urban planning (cont.)
Bureaucrats including planners, engineers, land managers, senior politicians (councilors and mayors), municipal directors hardly informed.
No environmental officers in Regional, district/municipal, ward and mtaa administrative levels
Mtaa/ Village and Sub-Ward levels environment committees mainly deal with solid waste management and other environmental related issues
International projects to strengthen CCA in DSM: ACC Dar, 50 Municipal Climate Partnership, C40 Climate Leadership Group (with Clinton Foundation)
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11. Service delivery actors
Key sectors involved in urban service delivery should be involved in DRM and CCA
Limited availability of key services to the low income part of the population
92% do not have access to the sewerage system and use pit latrines.
Poor drainage systems
shared responsibility for maintenance of the different roads
municipality often fail to regularly clean, and fully maintain storm water drains
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12. Service delivery (cont.)
Natural storm drains from encroachment by informal home builders
Water and sanitation, deconcentrated services by parastatals, no sewerage pipes in informal settlements, only 6% of the built up areas in Dar es Salaam have sewerage or septic tank systems.
waste collection and solid waste, municipal Councils are also responsible, private companies, small waste collectors using push carts
BUT: weak cleaning of drains and massive amounts of solid waste lying around clogging up drains
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13. Conclusions More preparation work needed
Build on ongoing local community action
Early warning system including using community organisations/units, e.g. community prayer groups, housing zones/clusters, and various social groups for communication and mobilisation of people in disaster risk management and in preparedness, such as cleaning drains
Land use planning to integrate CCA and DRM
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