1. Timing and Coordination of Behaviors/Responses

2. Plants Respond to Changes in Light
Phototropism
Photoperiodism

3. Phototropism Plants grow towards sunlight
Auxin is released on the shady side and moves down the tip- pushing the plant towards the sun
Increases photosynthesis

4. Photoperiodism Plants only flower during certain seasons
They recognize the length of the night using phytochromes

5. Animals Also Response to Environmental Cues and Signals
Circadian rhythms
Sleep/wake cycles
Seasonal hibernation
Seasonal migration
Reproductive cycles

6. Circadian Rhythms Internal clocks found in most living things
Can be affected or reset by environmental cues
In humans- eyes sense the amount of light, triggers melatonin release, which affects sleep cycles

7. Sleep Wake Cycle

8. Mornings are Stressful…

9. Hibernation State of low metabolic rate to conserve energy
Usually entered when food supplies will be unavailable, i.e. winter in tundra, summer in desert

10. Reproductive Cycles Some animals only reproduce during certain seasons
I.e. in the estrus cycle many animals go into “heat” in the spring
Controled by light exposure/melatonin

11. Mating Signals Use signals to attract mates during receptive periods
Chemical signals like pheromones
Mating dances/behaviors
Text messages

12. Animals React to Information in their Environment
2 main types of behavioral responses:
Innate
Learned

13. Innate Behaviors Inherited responses like instincts
I.e. you fear heights, you swim when placed in water, you move from hot things, you like sugar etc.

14. Other Examples of Innate Behavior
Also fixed action patterns- some fish will attack anything with a red belly
Imprinting – ability to learn during a critical period. Like bird song, or ducks who learn who their mother is

15. Learned Behaviors Occurs through interaction with the environment
I.e. by seeing something, trial-and-error learning, associative learning etc.

16. Cooperativity
Populations often interact in ways that ensure the survival of both
Resource/niche partitioning
Mutualistic relationships
Pollinators/plants

17. Resource Partitioning
Populations adapt to use different resources and avoid competition

18. Mutualism
Species live together and both benefit

19. Pollination
Bees/birds get food source, plants reproduce. Everyone wins!

20. All of These Mechanisms Have Arisen Through Natural Selection
Mechanisms help organisms survive by increasing access to resources or decreasing risk of death
Mechanisms help organism reproduce at appropriate times or find mates more easily