1. 5 5 levels of organization:
a. Protoplasmic: single cell, organelle level of function.
b Cellular: aggregates of similar cells
c. Cell-Tissue: specialized cells form few tissues
d. Tissue-organ: different tissues organized into organs
e. Organ-system: different organs work together in systems
Increasing levels of complexity!!! 5

2. 2 2. Tendency for maximum body size to increase…….. Fewer predators
Better offense
Temperature/environmental buffer
Less energy to move around
Increased complexity means better circulation and respiration so it is one way to get big.
The other way is be a flat ribbon.
So increased complexity ALLOWS organisms to get big. 2

3. 2 3. Parenchyma and stroma: Parenchyma: functional cells of the body
or organ.
Stroma: connective/structural cells of the body
or organ. 2

4. 3 4. Fluid compartments in open and closed circulatory systems:
Intracellular space: within cells, so - like cytoplasm.
Extracellular space: fluid between cells
Closed Circulatory Systems
blood and plasma contained in vessels
extracellular or interstitial fluid between cells 3

5. Four major tissue types:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous 1

6. 1 6. Simple vs. Stratified epithelial:
Simple epithelial: single layer of cells with underlayment, delicate
Stratified epithelial: two to many layers of cells with underlayment, tough and can withstand stretching.
Good for lining because it is stretchy and cells are constantly being replaced. 1

7. 3 Cells Fibers Ground substance
Elements and examples of connective tissue:
Loose connective tissue
Cells
Fibers
Ground substance
Dense connective tissue
Cartilage & Bone
Alternative: Skin, bone, blood 3

8. 8. 3 kinds of muscle:
Skeletal: voluntary muscle, connected to bone, body movement. Striated.
Smooth: involuntary muscle, lines tubes like gut and esophagus. Not striated
Cardiac: involuntary muscle, specific to heart, hybrid between striated and smooth. 3

9. 2 9. Structural and functional features of a neuron: Cell Body (soma)
Dendrite
Axon
Terminus (synaptic)
Myelin sheath 2

10. 5 10. Matching: C Protozoan -- Unicellular
G Nemertean -- Cell Aggregate
D Flatworm Blind sac, acoelomate
A Nemotode -- tube within a tube, pseudocolemate
F Arthropod & B Vertebrate -- tube within a tube, eucolemate 5

11. 4 Symmetry: Spherical: many planes of symmetry, ball-like, volvox
Radial: many planes of symmetry around a central axis: jellyfish (cnidarians)\
Biradial: many planes of symmetry around a central axis but with features that make them bilateral also: ctenophores
Bilateral: two mirror images on either side of the sagittal plane 4

12. 5 12. Body position Dorsal Anterior Posterior Lateral Proximal Distal
Ventral 5

13. 13. Body planes 3

14. 2 14. Segmentation, also called metamerism.
Serial repetition of similar body segments along the longitudinal axis. Significant evolutionary event permitting greater mobility and complexity.
Annelida
Chordata
Arthropoda 2

15. 15. 3

16. 16. 2

17. Total = 46 pts!!!