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Unit 3 – Biological Bases of Behavior (Neuroscience)
We can’t have the mind without the body! Without your genes, your brain, your appearance - you would be nobody. Our understanding of how the brain gives birth to the mind has come a long way. Ancient Greek philosophers Enlightenment/Scientific Revolution Phrenology
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Pseudoscience-based on false assumptions.
Just as I Thought, low self esteem Why can’t my skull bumps be prettier? Phrenology Franz Gall-( ) Why so popular? Individual ability to change and develop Improved treatment of the insane (organic) Encouraged people to think scientifically These bumps and indentations on the skull, according to Gall, reflect specific areas of the brain that determine a person's emotional and intellectual functions. Gall called the study of these cranial hills and valleys "cranioscopy." It is difficult to explain the early popularity of phrenology among scientists, since the empirical evidence for a direct relationship between the brain and character was scant. An unplanned experiment provided some solid evidence for such a relationship in 1848 when Phineas Gage's moral character changed dramatically after an explosion blew a tamping iron through his head Pseudoscience-based on false assumptions.
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Modern Science We are a collection of systems: Cells form organs
Organs form body systems (digestion, circulation, etc.) Body systems make up the individual Individuals are parts of families, cultures and communities We are biopsychosocial systems!
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We are going to start small and go big
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Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System
Module 9: Neural and Hormonal Systems
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Nervous System The electrochemical communication system of the body
Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement Brings information to the brain from the senses
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What are the primary parts of a typical neuron?
Nervous system Neurons Dendrites Soma Axon Terminal branches of Axon Myelin Sheath
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Neuron The basic building block of the nervous system -- a nerve cell
Neurons perform three basic tasks Receive information Carry the information Pass the information on to the next neuron
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Neurons Neurons “fire” -- send an impulse down their length -- or they don’t “fire” Neurons come in a variety of shapes, sizes, etc.
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Parts of the Neuron
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Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites
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Parts of the Neuron - Soma
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Parts of the Neuron - Axon
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Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath
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Parts of the Neuron - Terminals
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Neuron
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Neuron
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Candy Neuron Activity Sign up for what to bring
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Neural Communication: The Neural Impulse
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Action Potential A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of the neuron. A neural impulse Considered an “on” condition of the neuron
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Refractory Period The “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again
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Resting Potential The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential The neuron is set and ready to fire
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Steps of Action Potential
Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another neuron across the synapse. Reached its threshold- then fires based on the all-or-none response. Opens up a portal in axon, and lets in positive ions (Sodium) which mix with negative ions (Potassium) that is already inside the axon (thus Neurons at rest have a slightly negative charge). The mixing of + and – ions causes an electrical charge that opens up the next portal (letting in more K) while closing the original portal. Process continues down axon to the axon terminal. Terminal buttons turns electrical charge into chemical (neurotransmitter) and shoots message to next neuron across the synapse.
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Neuron firing like a Toilet
Like a Neuron, a toilet has an action potential. When you flush, an “impulse” is sent down the sewer pipe
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Neuron firing like a Toilet
2. Like a neuron, a toilet has a refractory period. There is a short delay after flushing when the toilet cannot be flushed again because the tank is being refilled
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Neuron firing like a Toilet
Like a Neuron, a toilet has a resting potential. The toilet is “charged” when there is water in the tank and it is capable of being flushed again Like a Neuron, a toilet operates on the all-or-none principle – it always flushes with the same intensity, no matter how much force you apply to the handle
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All-or-None Principle
The principle that if a neuron fires it will always fire at the same intensity All action potentials are of the same strength. A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.
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Communication Between Neurons
Module 9: Neural and Hormonal Systems
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Synapse The tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron The action potential cannot jump the gap
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Neurotransmitters A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next Can influence whether the second neuron will generate an action potential or not
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Neurotransmitters
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Common Neurotransmitters & Functions
Examples of Malfunctions Acetylcholine (ACh) Muscle action, learning, memory Deterioration assoc with Alzheimer’s disease Dopamine Movement, learning, emotion, attention Excess receptors assoc with Schizophrenia; Lack produces Pakinson’s disease Serotonin Mood, hunger, sleep, arousal Undersupply linked to depression; Prozac used to raise levels Norepinephrine Controls alertness & arousal Undersupply can depress mood GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) Major inhibitory NT Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, insomnia Glutamate Major excitatory NT Oversupply produces migraines/seizures.
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Excitatory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse) The second neuron is more likely to fire.
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Inhibitory Effect A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse) The second neuron is less likely to fire.
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Threshold The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
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How drugs alter neurotransmitters
Affected at the synapses by either blocking or amplifying NT activity. AGONIST- amplify normal sensations of arousal or pleasure ANTAGONIST- block NT functioning; can cause paralysis
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How Neuron’s work video
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Neuron Dance!
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Neural Communication: The Neural Chain
Module 9: Neural and Hormonal Systems
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Receptor Cells Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.
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Sensory Nerves (aka AFFERANT)
Nerves that carry information to the central nervous system Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord
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Interneurons Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output
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Motor Nerves (aka EFFERANT)
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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A Neural Chain
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The Structure of the Nervous System
Module 10: Neural and Hormonal Systems
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The Nervous System
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord The brain is the location of most information processing. The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.
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Spinal Cord
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The sensory and motor nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body Peripheral means “outer region” The system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs Monitors the autonomic functions Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats Fight or flight response
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body Brings the body back down to a relaxed state
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
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The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
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Endocrine System One of the body’s two communication systems.
A set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical messengers that circulate in the blood receptor Target Cell secreting cell Not a target cell No receptor
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Hormone Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects
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Pituitary Gland The endocrine system’s gland that, in conjunction with the brain, controls the other endocrine glands Called the “master gland” Located at the base of the brain and connects to the hypothalamus
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Endocrine System – Pituitary Gland
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Thyroid Gland Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body Located in the neck
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Endocrine System – Thyroid Gland
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Adrenal Gland Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress Located just above the kidneys Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) – increase heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar.
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Endocrine System – Adrenal Gland
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Pancreatic Gland Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood
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Endocrine System – Pancreatic Gland
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Sex Glands Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development. Testosterone – primary male hormone Estrogen – primary female hormone Males and females have both estrogen and testosterone in their systems.
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Endocrine System – Sex Glands
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