1. Chemistry for the new 2014 KS3 curriculum
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27/11/2018
Earth and Atmosphere
Chemistry for the new 2014 KS3 curriculum
W Richards
The Weald School
(slideshow taken from Education Using PowerPoint)

2. The Composition of the Earth
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1) The atmosphere
2) The hydrosphere (oceans and seas)
3) The lithosphere (crust)

3. The Structure of the Earth
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A thin crust km thick
A mantle – has the properties of a solid but it can also flow
A core – made of molten nickel and iron. Outer part is liquid and inner part is solid

4. What are rocks?
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Rocks are made from a combination of minerals and can be hard or soft depending on how the minerals are arranged.
Rocks can be found here…
…and here…
…and here…
…and here

5. Types of Rock Rock Description Sandstone Marble Limestone Basalt
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Rock
Description
Sandstone
Marble
Limestone
Basalt
Granite
Mudstone
Slate
Conglomerate

6. Rocks can be broken off the side of mountains
Forming rocks
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Rocks can be broken off the side of mountains
Rock shape up here
When rocks are transported by a river they are eroded:
Rock shape down here
“Sediment”

7. Sedimentary rocks
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Sandstone
Limestone
Conglomerate

8. Sedimentary rocks How sedimentary rocks are formed: 1) Weathering
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How sedimentary rocks are formed:
1) Weathering
2) Transportation
3) Deposition
4) Burial

9. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
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Scientists study sedimentary rocks to get useful information about the Earth, such as:
This rock contains ripple marks to show where water was present in the past
This rock contains fossils, giving useful clues about the development of life
This rock contains shells and other fragments of life

10. Metamorphic rocks
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Quartzite
Slate
Marble

11. Metamorphic rocks
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Metamorphic rocks are formed by the combined effect of heat and pressure on other rocks:
Pressure from rocks above…
…and heat from magma nearby

12. Igneous rocks
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Granite
Obsidian
Pumice

13. Igneous rocks
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Igneous rocks are formed when lava or magma cools down and solidifies
If the lava or magma cools QUICKLY it has SMALL crystals
If the lava or magma cools SLOWLY it has BIG crystals

14. Sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic?
Summary
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Sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic?
How they were formed
Appearance
Sedimentary
(e.g. sandstone, _______, chalk)
Small pieces of sediment were ______ together by salt and pressure from rocks above
Usually soft, can contain ________, easily eroded
Igneous
(e.g. basalt, _______)
Liquid rock (______ or lava) cooled down and turned back into a ______
Contain ______, very hard, never contain fossils
Metamorphic
(e.g. ______, slate)
Other rocks were acted on by heat and _______ over a long time
Sometimes have tiny crystals, no fossils, always hard and sometimes arranged in _______
Words to use – layers, stuck, granite, marble, fossils, limestone, crystals, pressure, magma, solid

15. 27/11/2018
The Rock Cycle

16. Rocks revision quiz What are the 3 types of rock?
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What are the 3 types of rock?
What type of rock are the following:
Sandstone, limestone, granite, basalt, slate
What type of rock would a mountain probably be made out of?
What are the two conditions needed for a metamorphic rock to form?
Which metamorphic rock is formed from limestone?
Why wouldn’t you find any fossils in igneous rocks?
You find a rock containing crystals. What type of rock would it most probably be?
What is molten rock that is inside the Earth called?
What is molten rock that is outside the Earth (i.e. erupted) called?
A piece of rock contains layers. What type of rock would it probably be?

17. The Earth’s Resources
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Humans are using up the Earth’s natural resources. Here are some facts:
Resource
Facts
Oil
Current (known) sources will run out by 2060
Gas
Current (known) sources will run out by 2070
Coal
Due to run out by 2200
Phosphorus
Needed for plant growth. Reserves are due to run out in the next 100 years
Fresh water
By 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in areas of water scarcity

18. Reducing Pollution by Recycling
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Reasons why recycling is good
Reasons why recycling is bad
Still requires energy
Reduces demand for raw materials
Recycling
Paper, metal and plastic can be recycled
Requires money to sort and recycle
What is the more obvious option?
Reduces the amount of rubbish going to landfill sites

19. The Carbon Cycle CO2 in air 2. Plants release CO2 through respiration
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2. Plants release CO2 through respiration
Burning fossil fuels also releases CO2
CO2 in air
1. CO2 is taken in by plants for photosynthesis and turned into glucose
6. These microbes also release CO2 through respiration
4. Animals release CO2 through respiration
5. Animals (and plants) die and their remains are fed on by microbes
3. The carbon taken in by plants is then eaten by animals and the animals that eat them

20. The Earth’s Atmosphere
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Present day atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% noble gases and about 0.03% CO2
Carbon dioxide, water vapour
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Noble gases

21. Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming
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Global levels of Carbon Dioxide in PPM
Is there a link?

22. The Greenhouse Effect 1) Heat and light energy reach us from the sun…
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1) Heat and light energy reach us from the sun…
3) …some of the heat escapes back into space…
4) …while some of it is reflected back to the Earth – this is called The Greenhouse Effect
2) …a lot of this heat is reflected off the Earth’s surface…

23. What problems do these next pictures show?
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What problems do these next pictures show?

24. 27/11/2018

25. Upsetting the balance
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Until recently, the environment has maintained a balance in carbon dioxide:
Carbon dioxide is produced by respiration…
…and used by photosynthesis
Unfortunately, this balance is being upset by two main factors:
Excessive burning of fossil fuels…
…is producing too much carbon dioxide
Large scale deforestation…
…is slowing down the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

26. This slideshow has been made freely available on the TES Resources website.
More Science PowerPoints like this can be found at the website This site contains slideshows that cover the 2011 AQA, EdExcel, OCR Gateway and OCR 21st Century courses (with more material being added every year) and A Level Physics and KS3 material for the 2014 curriculum.
Some slideshows are free, others require a small subscription fee to be taken out (currently only £50 for a year). Further details can be found at Education Using PowerPoint.