1. Political Geography

2. Nations and States (GR #1, 10)
“Nation” ≈ ethnicity
A culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals.
“State” = country
A politically org. territory administered by a sovereign govt. recognized by most of the int’l community.

3. United Nations Membership (States)
Post-WWII creation of states
51 original members
largest surge in 1960s (newly free Africa)
Another surge in early 1990s former USSR, Yugoslavia, etc.
Now around 200 (196)!

4. How Is Space Politically Organized? (GR #10)
Territoriality/Territorial integrity: The right of a government to keep the borders and territory of a state intact and free from attack
Sovereignty: Having the last say over a territory — legally
Self-determination: The right of an ethnicity to control its own fate
This goal is how an ethnicity becomes a nation/nationality

5. Transformation of Ethnicities into Nationalities
Nationality = identification with a group of people who share a common political allegiance to a particular country/hearth
Nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a nation
desire to achieve self-determination for an ethnicity
Since the 1800s, this has been considered an ideal
map of Europe transformed by nationalistic goals.

6. FIGURE 7-15a

7. FIGURE 7-15b

8. FIGURE 7-15d

9. The growth of nation-states in most closely linked to language

10. Transformation of Ethnicities into Nationalities
Nationality = identification with a group of people who share a common political allegiance to a particular country/hearth
Nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a nation
desire to achieve self-determination for an ethnicity
Since the 1800s, this has been considered an ideal
map of Europe transformed by nationalistic goals.
BUT, nationalism can be dangerous!
We’re the best! You stink!
Can lead to hyper-competition, cause of WWI
Remember the Nazis were uber-nationalistic!

11. Transformation of Ethnicities into Nationalities
Nation-state = ethnicity and territory correspond
No perfect example exists (close = Denmark, Iceland, Japan)
perceived as “natural”/“always existing” but a relatively recent thing
In 1940, there were about 50 countries
Today, there are 193 countries (United Nations membership)
Almost all habitable lands belong to a country
Some places don’t fit neatly into the classification
China and Taiwan (GR #11b)
I’ll try to explain this, but watch this video to help:

13. If not nation-states, what are most countries?
Multiethnic state (GR #5)
A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity
Example: the United States
Multinational state (GR #6)
A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain their own distinctive national identity (thru political allegiance)
Example: the United Kingdom
Example: Former Soviet Union (the largest multinational state)

14. A state with more than one nation
Multinational State
A state with more than one nation

15. Stateless Nation = a nation with no state
Kurds, Palestinians are examples

16. What is the difference between a stateless nation and a “multi-state” nation?
A nation that spans borders but controls at least one, if not more, states
Koreans
Germans (Anschluss)
Germany & Austria
Arabs (pan-Arabism)
Syria, Jordan, Egypt etc.

17. Irredentism Irredentism
Assertion by a government that a minority living outside its borders belongs to it
Serbia over Bosnian Serbs (1990s)
Germany over Sudetenland (WWI)
Russia over Crimea and parts of Eastern Ukraine
NOW!
Estonia/Latvia next?

18. Ethnic identity in the former USSR (GR #7-8)
Central Europe
Moldova
Ukraine (17% Russian)
Belarus (8%)
Central Asia
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Tajikistan
Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan (24%)
Baltic States
Lithuania
Latvia (27%)
Estonia (25%)
Caucasus
Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia
Ethnic identity in the former USSR (GR #7-8)

19. Russia Irredentism????