1. Raster-based spatial analyses
Local and neighborhood operations

2. Raster-based spatial analyses:
Local operations: pixel by pixel
> Use a raster calculator (conversions, +, -, /, *) > Neighboring pixels have no effect > Result ALWAYS creates a new map layer

3. Raster-based spatial analyses:
Local operations: pixel by pixel
> Use a raster calculator (conversions, +, -, /, *) > Neighboring pixels have no effect > Result ALWAYS creates a new map layer

4. Raster-based spatial analyses:
Neighborhood operations: analyzes groups of adjacent cells > Use neighborhood statistics (slope, mean, max., variety…) > Result ALWAYS creates a new map layer

5. Moving Windows Neighborhood Operations
(Windows can be any size; often odd to provide a center)

6. Raster-based spatial analyses:
Neighborhood operations: analyzes groups of adjacent cells > Use neighborhood statistics (slope, mean, max., variety…) > Result ALWAYS creates a new map layer

7. Simple functions Neighborhood Operations
(Result is usually associated with the cell at the center;
The 3 x3 neighborhood, nine cells, are used as input for the function)

8. Raster-based spatial analyses:
Neighborhood operations: analyzes groups of adjacent cells > Use neighborhood statistics (slope, mean, max., variety…) > Result ALWAYS creates a new map layer
Images from:

9. Neighborhood operations Example #1: When examining ecosystem stability, it might be useful to obtain the variety of species for each neighborhood to identify the locations that are lacking variability in the distribution of species (ESRI).
Some neighborhoods contain three and four different land cover types (indicating high local diversity).

10. Neighborhood operations Example #2: Mapping the slope of a surface on a DEM
Perform a ‘slope’ statistic type (default is 3 x 3 window). What does topographic slope tell you about form / process?

11. Neighborhood operations Example #3: Highlighting the range (variety) of a surface on a DEM
Perform a ‘range’ statistic type in a 3 x 3 window. In ArcGIS, a ‘range’ statistic type determines the range of values in the neighborhood. What does topographic diversity tell you about form / process?

12. Fourteener criteria 3,000 ft. elevation gain 300 ft. drop to saddle
0.5 mile rule

13. q/a + 4 images