1. Objectives
Learning Objective: I can show my knowledge of the Northern Renaissance time period. I can understand the influences of Humanism as it relates to the Protestant Reformation Language Objective: I can take notes from a lecture and follow along with a powerpoint.

2. Study time
You have 10 Minutes to study for your Northern Renaissance Quiz. (5pts) 5 Questions 2 Fill in the blank 2 True/False 1 SHORT answer

3. The Protestant Reformation

4. Terms and People
indulgences – in the Roman Catholic Church, pardons for sins committed during a person’s life
Reformation – A movement for religious changes.
Martin Luther –the German monk who triggered the revolt against the Roman Catholic church in 1517
Protestant – term applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.
Annul – set aside a marriage (not a divorce)
Anglican – Church of England

5. Terms and People (continued)
diet – assembly or legislature
John Calvin – a reformer who preached predestination and living a saintly life
predestination – the idea that God had predetermined who would gain salvation
Wittenberg – city in northern Germany where Luther drew up his 95 Theses
Peace of Augsburg – Each ruler would decide the religion of his state. 8

6. Causes of the Reformation
How did revolts against the Roman Catholic Church affect northern European society?
In the 1500s, the Renaissance in northern Europe sparked a religious upheaval.
Northern European calls for church reform eventually shattering Christian unity.
This movement is known as the Protestant Reformation.

7. The early 1500s were uncertain times in northern Europe.
Causes of the Reformation
The early 1500s were uncertain times in northern Europe.
Disparities in wealth, a new market economy, and religious discontent all bred uncertainty.
Humanist ideas for social reform grew in popularity.
More people began to question the central force in their lives—the Church.
The printing press spread knowledge and new ideas quickly.

8. Causes of the Reformation
Increasingly, the church had become involved in worldly politics.
Popes competed with Italian princes for political power.
They fought wars to protect the Papal States.
They plotted against powerful monarchs who sought to control papal lands.
They lived in luxury, supported the arts, and hired artists to beautify churches.

9. Caricature of Pope Alexander VI…what is this drawing saying?

10. Questions from yesterday
Earliest written existence/history of Jesus: Josephus 37 A.D. (Jewish Revolutionary) , Tacitus 100 A.D. (Roman Historian), and St. Paul 34 A.D. (Saul) Edict of Milan 313 – Constantinople Scandals of the Popes during this time Pope Clement VII (Flip-Flopping alliances with France, Spain, and Germany Pope Leo X (Indulgences/ Cash money) Pope Julius II (Infidelity) Pope Alexander VI (Sexual weirdness) Pope Stephen VI (put his dead predecessor on trial, then dismembered his dead body) ~strangled to death after he was sent to prison

11. Causes of the Reformation
To finance their lifestyles, church officials charged fees for services such as baptisms and marriages.
An indulgence lessened the time one spent in purgatory before going to heaven.
In the Middle Ages, they were often granted for doing good deeds.
Many Christians, including Erasmus, objected to their sale.
Some clergy also sold indulgences. Only the rich could afford to buy them.

12. Causes of the Reformation
Christian humanists called for a less worldly church, one based more on Bible study.
As early as the 1300s, John Wycliff had begun protests against the Church in England.
Jan Hus led a similar protest against the Church in what is today the Czech Republic. He was executed for heresy in 1415.

13. Causes of the Reformation

14. Luther Challenges the Church
Angered by the sale of indulgences, Luther drew up his 95 Theses and nailed them to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany.
He argued that indulgences had no place in the Bible, and Christians could only be saved by faith.
Rather than recant, Luther rejected the authority of Rome.
The German monk Martin Luther sparked a revolt in 1517.

15. Luther Challenges the Church
Overnight, copies of Luther’s 95 Theses spread and sparked debate across Europe.
But many agreed with Luther and became his followers.
In 1520, Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther.
The Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, declared Luther an outlaw and ordered his books to be burned.

16. Luther Challenges the Church
Luther’s teachings differed from those of the Roman Catholic Church.
He believed that all Christians had equal access to God and did not need a priest to intervene.
He wanted ordinary people to study the Bible.
He banned the granting of indulgences, prayers to saints, pilgrimages, and confession.

17. Luther Challenges the Church
The printing press quickly spread Luther’s writings throughout Germany and Scandinavia.
His followers took on the name “PROTESTants” because they were in protest against papal authority.
Luther simplified the mass, emphasizing the sermon. Ministers used their sermons to attack corruption in the Roman Catholic Church.
He permitted the clergy to marry.

18. The Response to Luther Church’s Response
1521-Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
1521-Luther was summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V
German Diet
Luther appeared before the German emperor and German Diet (assembly/congress) at the city of Worms (also known as the Diet of Worms – really).
He refused to change his argument.
Edict of Worms
The emperor handed down the Edict of Worms.
declared Luther to be an outlaw and condemned his writings
Luther’s ideas spread anyway.

19. The Response to Luther
Some German princes saw Lutheranism as a chance to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.
Some saw an opportunity to seize Church property in their territories.
Others embraced the new church out of nationalistic loyalty.
Many were tired of paying to support clergy in Italy.

20. The Response to Luther
In 1524, a peasants’ revolt erupted across Germany.
Luther denounced the violence, favoring respect for political authority.
With his support, the nobles suppressed the uprising. Thousands died as a result.
The people demanded an end to serfdom.

21. The Response to Luther
Charles V tried to force the German princes to return to the Catholic Church.
In 1555, after several brief wars, Charles and the princes signed the Peace of Augsburg.
Under this treaty, each prince chose a religion for his realm—either Catholic or Lutheran.
Most in the north chose Lutheranism; most in the south chose Catholicism.

22. The Spread of Protestantism
Reformers in Switzerland also challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.
Ulrich Zwingli, an admirer of Erasmus, also stressed the importance of the Bible and rejected elaborate Church rituals.
The city council in Zurich adopted his ideas.
John Calvin, a French-born priest and lawyer, was strongly influenced by these Reformation ideas.

23. The Spread of Protestantism
Calvin accepted most Lutheran beliefs but added his own belief in predestination.
He preached that God had long ago determined who would or would not gain eternal salvation.
There were two kinds of people, saints and sinners.
Only the saved could live a truly Christian life.
Calvinists attempted to live saintly lives to demonstrate that they were among those God had selected. 26

24. The Spread of Protestantism
In 1541, the people of Geneva, Switzerland, invited Calvin to lead their community.
He established a theocracy. Religious leaders felt entrusted by God to build a Christian society based on hard work, discipline, thrift, and honesty.
Offenses such as swearing, laughing in church, and fighting resulted in fines or worse.
Many Protestants saw Geneva as a perfect Christian community.

25. The Spread of Protestantism
By the late 1500s, Calvinism had spread throughout northern Europe.
In Germany, Lutherans and Catholics fought Calvinists.
In France, Calvinists battled Catholics.
In Scotland, Calvinist preacher John Knox helped overthrow a Catholic queen.
Challenges to the Catholic Church set off a series of religious wars.
To escape persecution in England, groups of Calvinists sailed for America in the early 1600s.

26. The Reformation Spreads

27. England Becomes Protesant
The English Reformation was not due to reformers, but rather to a king—Henry VIII.
He wished to marry a young noblewoman, Anne Boleyn. He hoped she would bear him a male heir.
When the pope refused to annul the marriage, the king took over the English Church.
In 1527, Henry sought to annul his marriage to wife Catherine, who had only borne a daughter, Mary Tudor.

28. Some fun stuff on Henry VIII
Look for mistakes on this second video.

29. England Becomes Protesant
Parliament placed the Church of England under Henry VIII’s control.
Archbishop Cranmer annulled the marriage.
Henry married Anne Boleyn. They had a daughter, Elizabeth.
Catholics who opposed Henry were executed.
One of those beheaded was Sir Thomas More, whom the Catholic Church later canonized.
Thomas Cranmer was appointed archbishop.

30. England Becomes Protesant
In 1547, Henry was succeeded by his nine-year-old son, Edward.
Edward favored the Protestant religion.
Henry had Catholic property confiscated and distributed to nobles to gain their support.

31. England Becomes Protesant
While still in his teens, young Edward died and was succeeded by Mary Tudor.
Mary tried to restore Catholicism and had many Protestants burned at the stake for heresy.

32. England Becomes Protesant
In 1558, the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn took the throne as Queen Elizabeth I.
She compromised between Catholics and Protestants.
She did not allow herself to be put at the head of the Anglican Church.
The Anglican Church retained many Catholic practices.
The church service was translated from Latin to English.

33. England Becomes Protesant The “Elizabethan Age” lasted until 1603.
Elizabeth’s rule united England and avoided future religious wars.
Under Elizabeth, England enjoyed a Golden Age of literature and arts.