1. The
Industrial
Revolution

2. Why Did
Industrialization
Begin in
England First?

3. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

4. 1. Another Agricultural Revolution!!
Originates in Holland
Enclosed fields, manure, variety of crops, drainage!
English were the best students: brought back groovy knowledge!
A CRAZE among the wealthy!

5. 2. “The Commons” and the Enclosure Movement
Commons : raise animals, gardens, wood
Survey & legal cost pd. by peasants!
Emergence of landless peasantry! Where would they go?

6. The Enclosure Movement

7. “Enclosed” Lands Today

8. 3. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

9. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

10. Mine & Forge [ ]
Coal is more powerful than water! Impacts LOCATION!
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

11. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

12. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

13. Young Coal Miners

14. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

15. British Pig Iron Production

16. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

17. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

18. Textile Factory Workers in England

19. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

20. 5. British experience with trade and business, government support!

21. Industrial Revolution:
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution:
COAL TO STEAM

22. 4. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

23. James Watt’s Steam Engine

24. Steam Tractor

25. Steam Ship

26. An Early Steam Locomotive

27. The Impact of the Railroad
Sidelight: Vacation!)

28. “The Great Land Serpent”
Significance!!!!
Jobs and urbanization!!
Vacation!!
Bigger markets!!
Increase in private companies!!

29. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

30. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

31. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

32. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

33. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

34. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

35. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

36. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

37. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

38. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

39. Industrial Staffordshire

40. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman

41. The New Industrial City

42. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

43. Worker Housing in Manchester

44. Factory Workers at Home

45. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

46. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

47. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

48. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

49. Protests / Reformers

50. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

51. The Luddites

52. The Neo-Luddites Today

53. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

54. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

55. The Chartists A female Chartist
A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

56. Br. Govt. Response
to the Dislocation
Created by
Industrialization

57. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

58. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

59. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

60. Industrialization By 1850

61. Railroads on the Continent

62. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

63. TWO ISSUES THAT DEVELOP IN THIS PERIOD AND ARE INTIMATELY RELATED!!!

64. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. Public ownership of the means of production.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

65. Marxism
A reaction to the hardships suffered by workers in the industrial revolution
Believed that a violent revolution was inevitable!
Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie!

66. Marx: History is cyclical
This revolution will be the end point of HISTORICAL CYCLES!
Slave/owner
Helot/Spartan
Serf/Lord
Proletariat/Bourgeoisie
The ruling class would never willingly give up their power, so it must TAKEN EVEN IF THROUGH VIOLENT FORCE!

67. Marx: The owning class steals the SOUL of the workers
Meaning of life comes through contributing, through our work and the ability to take care of ourselves and our families. When the brutal oppressive wealthy bourgeoisie exploits the workers and STEALS THEIR FRUITS, they have stolen the very soul of the worker.

68. How would this revolution work?
The Proletariat will organize under the leadership of “enlightened” leaders. They turn away from the myth of capitalism (that anyone can make it; i.e. capitalism requires an impoverished class)
These groups will revolt AND SEIZE CONTROL of the infrastructure.

69. “ From each according to his ability, to each according to his need”
They will establish a Socialist state that will initially be run by a Dictatorship of the Proletariat.
The government organizes and educates the workers about communism and eventually the need for government fades away and all people live communal lives, sharing resources and working to the best of their ability.

70. “WORKERS OF THE WORLD UNITE. YOU HAVE NOTHING TO LOSE BUT YOUR CHAINS
Marx’ theory is seen in many writings, but first in The Communist Manifesto
This is a small book he wrote with Frederick Engels and he went over the top, was outrageous, in his effort to shock and engage people

71. Republic Republic: form of government
A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch

72. Communism: a form of government
A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

73. Socialism
A an economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
PUBLIC ownership of the means of production.

74. Capitalism
An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
PRIVATE ownership of the means of production.
Adam Smith was a proponent of a free market system.
Ex. “Laissez Faire” Let the people do as they will”, the invisible hand!

75. Issues with decolonization: ex. Congo
IMPERIALISM!!
The policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate another country politically, socially, and economically
WHY?
WHO?
Issues with decolonization: ex. Congo

76. Imperialism Berlin Conference 1884-1885
Europeans divided Africa into colonies
If you can take it and hold it, you can keep it!
Paternalism-what is it?
How does this tie to the Industrial Revolution?

77. So, was the industrial revolution good or bad?

78. Bibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College.
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”