1. The Byzantine Empire

4. Byzantium becomes the “New Rome”
In 330, Constantine moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city, Byzantium
Renames city Constantinople
Constantine rises up as leader during the civil war, saw golden cross claims divine help to win power
Why does he move the capital to Byzantium?
The eastern half of the Roman empire becomes the Byzantine Empire is now under one ruler
As the cities of the western Roman empire crumbled, Constantinople prospered

5. Constantinople
With its high walls and golden domes, it stood as the proud capital of the Byzantine Empire
By creating a smaller area that was easier to defend, Constantine was able to preserve the empire
Constantinople flourished for over 1000 years

6. Justinian Builds a New Rome
Most famous Byzantine Emperor( CE)
Justinian is known for four main things…
Aspired to be emperor of all Roman Emp.
Ruled with absolute power

7. Justinian – 1. Expanding the Empire

8. Justinian – 2. Code of Law
10 legal experts – researched, preserved, and added onto 400 years of Roman laws
Served the empire for 900 years

9. Justinian’s Codes The code consisted of 4 works
The Code- contained 5,000 Roman laws
The Digest- opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers about the laws
The Institutes- a textbook explaining how to use the law
The Novellae- “New Law” presented legislation after 534
How did the Byzantine Empire Preserve Roman Culture: These codes preserved Roman Culture.

10. Justinian – 3. Improving Constantinople

11. Justinian – 4. Having an awesome wife

12. Empress Theodora The most powerful woman in Byzantine history.
Major political influence- She met with foreign leaders, passed laws and built churches
Recognized the rights of women by establishing laws to protect women and gave then greater benefits in divorces.
She came from poverty. Her father was a bar-keeper and she was an actress
How do you think the marriage of Emperor Justinian to the common Theodora was accepted in society?
She was her husbands adviser and had immense political power
After her death in 548, Justinian was so depressed that he passed no major laws for the rest of his reign- a major sign of her political influence.

13. Theodora saves the day
“My opinion is that now is a poor time for flight, even though it bring safety. For any man who has seen the light of day will also die, but one who has been an emperor cannot endure to be a fugitive. If now you wish to go, Emperor, nothing prevents you. There is the sea, there are the steps to the boats. But take care that after you are safe, you do not find that you would gladly exchange that safety for death.”
-Empress Theodora ( )

14. After Justinian’s death the empire suffered many setbacks
Plague from rats on ships from India
Enemies from west, north, and east side
However, attacks on Constantinople by Persians, Slavs, Vikings, Arabs and other groups were largely unsuccessful …
In centuries after Justinian, the empire rose and fell
Plague hits the empire, killing thousands and leaving the empire venerable to enemies
Justinian dies of plague, If emperor dies of plague, what does that tell you about the rest of society?
Different groups of enemies attack the Byzantine empire from all sides

15. CONSTANTINOPLE’S STRONG MILITARY DEFENSE & TECHNOLOGY
SAVE THE DAY
On two occasions, from 674 to 677, and again in , Arab armies besieged Constantinople by land and sea. Superior military organization, the city’s high walls and its strategic location, and the timely invention of one of history's most decisive weapons, a medieval form of napalm dubbed "Greek fire“ used by the Byzantine naval fleet enabled the Byzantines to weather the storm. The cost to both sides was high. By 800 A.D., Byzantium had lost most of her territory south of the Taurus Mountains and much of the remainder of the empire lay devastated. The Arabs lost untold thousands of men through futile attacks against Constantinople's defenses.

16. Back in the West
The European kingdoms finds themselves less prepared to defend against attacks until Charlemagne unifies them
Pope asks Charlemagne, king of the Frankish empire, for help defending Rome
In return for Charlemagne's protection the Pope names him Holy Roman Emperor in the West (800 CE)
While the eastern half succeeded in pushing back enemy attacks, the western half of the byzantine empire succumbed to attacks and began to fall apart.
Far away from the help of Constantinople the Pope in Rome petitions support from Charlem. For support and in return he makes Char. Holy Roman Emperor of the West
What problem does this create?
--division of east and west

17. Differences in Christianity Emerge
Roman Catholic Church (West)
Eastern Orthodox Church (East)
Capital
Rome
Authority:
pope claims authority over all kings and emperors
Language
Latin
Church policies
Priests could not marry
Divorce was never allowed
Idols of Jesus Christ and Saints for worship
Capital
Constantinople
Authority
emperor claims authority over the patriarch and all other bishops
Language
Greek
Church policies
Priests can marry
Divorce allowed under certain conditions
No idol worship
Didn’t happen all of a sudden
Distant geographically and socially
Speak different language
Different major holy days
Over time their differences are exacerbated and culminate in the Great Schism
Pope crowns emperor
Byzantine emperor controlled Church affairs
He appoints a patriarch (bishop)-the highest Church official but remains obedient to emperor
*Byzantine Christians reject the popes claim to authority of all Christians

18. The Great Schism
The permanent split between the Byzantine Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church
In 1054 the Roman Catholic Pope and the East Orthodox Patriarch excommunicated each other in a dispute over religious doctrine
Excommunicate- “kick out” to declare someone is an outcast from the church. This means you can’t receive sacraments which means you can’t earn salvation Religion is what they have to look forward to
The religious doctrine in dispute concerned the power of the pope
The schism didn’t happen overnight. Rather, it is the result of a gradual process caused by lack of communication, long-festering anger and bad feelings. Not necessarily by a rival in theology.
Do you think differences between Eastern and Western churches could have been reconciled before the final split?
This is the time when the Christian church separates. Up until now, it was just christian. Now there are two distinct sects

19. Crisis and Collapse Schism – less connection with the west
Attacks from enemies
Especially the Ottoman Turks who are slowly taking over Byzantine territory
(Remember: they stopped at Constantinople only because they were attacked by the Mongols on their borders.)
Crusades – both sides ravage Constantinople as they pass through

20. The weakened Constantinople could not defend itself from the rising new power in the region-the Ottoman Turks- who, by the 1300s-had completely encircled the old eastern capital.

21. Fall of Byzantine Empire (to the Ottoman Turks)
1453 CE