1. The End of One War, the Start of Another…

2. Occupation of Germany
Both Germany and Berlin split up into section controlled by the Allies
British, American, French, and Russian
Germany’s military is reduced to only a police/defense force
Liberated lands in Western Europe returned to original control
Liberated lands in Eastern Europe remained under Soviet control

3. Occupation of Japan
Complete demilitarization and occupation by MacArthur and American military
Japan’s constitution was re-written by the Allies, changing the government to a parliamentary democracy
Japan’s emperor was forced to admit that he was not a god as was previously believed for centuries

4. Postwar World Formation of the United Nations (Oct 1945)
Stronger than League of Nations, more binding, with a “powerful” Security Council
In theory, only permanent Security Council members can have offensive military to be used as peacekeepers
Rise of Cold War
Places former allies against each other in an ideological struggle

6. The Berlin Airlift

7. The Cold War Why do we call it a “cold” war?

8. Differing Postwar Plans
United States
Encourage the spread of democracy (eventually, just anything that is not communism)
Rebuild European governments to promote stability and a new market for American goods
Reunite Germany to stabilize it
Soviet Union
Encourage communism (worldwide workers’ revolution)
Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders
Keep Germany divided to prevent it from waging war ever again

9. “The Iron Curtain”
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe…”
Winston Churchill March5, 1946
In 1947, Truman decides it’s time to stop “babying the Soviets” and develops the policy of containment.
Containment- a policy designed to do whatever it takes to halt the spread of communist influence
Ex: Sending money, arms, and generals to South Vietnam to fight against the Northern communists (Ho Chi Minh)

10. U.S. Focus After WWII
The War on Communism
Political
Economic

11. President Truman
After WWII, Truman wanted to make sure a communist country never had the chance to cause as much damage as fascist Germany did in WWII.
He asked congress for economic aid to Turkey and Greece (whose governments were fighting communist rebels) to support his new Doctrine…

12. The Truman Doctrine (“containment”)
Dedicated to uplifting anticommunist regimes around the world.
Many US citizens did not want the US to continue fighting Communism around the world or interfere in other countries’ affairs
Congress, however, quickly approved $400 million worth of aid

13. Communism and Poverty
After WWII not only was communism spreading throughout the world but poverty as well.
In Western Europe many of the cities were in shambles. There was a shortage of jobs as well as food.
Main Question:
How can the U.S. help?

16. The Marshall Plan George Marshall was the U.S. Secretary of State
Wanted to help those in Western Europe who are living without shelter, jobs, and food.
Why?

17. The Marshall Plan An assistance program to help rebuild Europe.
Would provide food and machinery
12.5 billion dollar program in 1948
(2014 equivalent: $130 billion)
Any country left in shambles that was not communist received aid from the U.S.
Who refused this aid?

20. 1948-1955: Countries who received aid from the Marshall Plan
Great Britain
France
Italy
West Germany
Holland
Austria
Belgium
Greece
Denmark
Norway
Turkey
Ireland
Sweden
Portugal
Yugoslavia
Iceland
A Few More

21. Case Study of Containment: The Korean War
Japan ruled Korea until WWII – Korea was split into occupying zones (north – Soviets; south – U.S.) like in Germany
North Korea: occupied by Soviets, led by communist leader Kim Il Sung
South Korea: occupied by U.S., led by democratic leader
U.S. and Soviets left in 1949
North invaded South in 1950 and U.S. offered South support – sending military and money to fight the North Koreans

22. The Korean War
U.S. General MacArthur led the attack into North Korea, pushing towards China
Communist China began aiding North Korea, in fear that the U.S. was getting too close
MacArthur defied Truman’s orders to not get too close to the Chinese border and so he was removed as the general and the war ended in 1953 in a stalemate (no territory changed hands)
His invasion of China would have probably started WWIII.

23. Was the policy of containment successful?
Korea before the war
Korea after the war