1. Good Morning! On your warmup sheet: Tell me what’s happening here
What part of the brain would this be happening to?
Would this be ethical? Why or why not??

2. The Cerebral Cortex

3. The Evolving Brain
Different animal species have many structures in common, including a cerebellum and cortex.
The cortex is much larger in mammals than in species that evolved earlier, such as fish and amphibians.
The cross section of the human brain shows how the cerebral cortex has developed around and above more primitive brain structures.

4. When it comes to Cortex… Size DOES Matter
If flattened, a human cortex would cover about four pages of this book.
A chimpanzee's would cover one page
a monkey's a postcard
a rat's a postage stamp.
From Scientific American, October 1994, p. 102.

5. Areas of the Cortex
More intelligent animals have increased "uncommitted" or association areas of the cortex.
These vast areas of the brain are responsible for integrating and acting on information received and processed by sensory areas.

6. Forebrain Structures
Largest Brain Region with the most complex structures.
What separates us from the beasts.

7. Brain has 2 Hemispheres Left & Right sides are separate
Corpus Callosum : major pathway between hemispheres
Some functions are ‘lateralized’
language on left
spacial relations, music on right
Lateralization is never 100%
Left
Hemisphere
Corpus Callosum
Right
key words: left hemisphere; right hemisphere

8. Lateralization of the Hemispheres
Discovering PSY 2e p74 table 2.2
An Example of Spatial Relations
Answer: E

9. Short-Term Complications of Split-Brain Operation
Left hand unbuttons a shirt while the right hand buttons it.
Left hand puts grocery store items back on the shelf after the right hand put them in the cart.
On woman, after a stroke to her corpus callosum, complained that occasionally her left hand would fly up to her throat and try to strangle her, requiring her right hand to push it away.

11. A Hammer is Flashed in the LEFT visual field of a split brain patient.
Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy
Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
A Hammer is Flashed in the LEFT visual field of a split brain patient.
When asked, “What did you see?”
What will they say?

12. Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy
Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

13. Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy
Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
When asked to pick up the object they just saw with their LEFT hand they are able to do it.
Why is this?

14. Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy
Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
An apple is shown to the split brain patient in their RIGHT visual field. When asked, “What did you see?” What will be their response?

15. They can say that they saw the apple.
Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy
Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
They can say that they saw the apple.
Why do you think this is?

16. Split Brain Experiments

17. Split Brain Experiments

18. Split Brain Experiments

19. Split Brain ExperimentsHE
ART

20. Split Brain Experiments

21. Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital

22. Lobes of the Cortex
Frontal lobe—largest lobe, produces voluntary muscle movements, involved in thinking, planning, emotional control
Temporal lobe—primary receiving area for auditory information
Occipital lobe—primary receiving area for visual information
Parietal lobe—processes sensory information from your body information

23. Frontal Lobe Contains primary motor cortex
Important in judgment, planning and sequencing areas
Controls emotional center of the brain (limbic system)
Contains Broca’s area for speech
Prefrontal area for working memory (Short-Term Memory) – helps you remember what you just did so you know what to do next (sequencing)
Motor
Cortex
Frontal
Lobe
Motor
Cortex
Motor
Cortex
Broca’s
Area
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; motor functions
Frontal lobe is not directly involved in sensation or perception. Its functions are related to motor action (behavior). The motor cortex is the start of nerves that run through the spinal cord to the muscles.
Broca’s area organizes sequences of speech movements. Damage leads to productive aphasia
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex is important in working memory. WM is short term memory for information needed to maintain a context, to prepare for the next step in a sequence of thought, and /or to inhibit irrelevant responses
The wisconsin card sorting task illustrates the importance of working memory in maintaining context and inhibiting irrelevant responses

24. Temporal Lobe
Contains primary auditory cortex – interprets hearing info
Inputs are auditory, visual patterns
speech recognition
face recognition
word recognition
memory formation
Outputs to limbic System, Basal Ganglia, and brainstem
Temporal
Lobe
Auditory
Cortex
Temporal
Lobe

25. Occipital Lobe Input from Optic nerve Contains primary visual cortex
Makes sense of visual info
Sends info to parietal and temporal lobes
Occipital
Lobe
Visual
Lobe

26. Parietal Lobe Receives info from multiple senses
Contains primary sensory cortex
your “skin” sense of touch and temperature.
Sends info to Frontal lobe to help in:
hand-eye coordination
eye movements
attention
Sensory
Cortex
Parietal
Lobe

29. Let’s Review with Pinky & The Brain.
BOREDOM BUSTER!
Let’s Review with Pinky & The Brain.

31. Motor Cortex: Located at the back of the Frontal Lobe.
The more precise movements, the more motor cortex the part uses up.
Sensory Cortex:
Located at the front of the Parietal Lobe.
The more sensitive the area, the more sensory cortex it uses up.

32. Language and the Brain
Aphasia—partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand language because of brain injury or damage
Broca’s area—plays role in speech production
Wernicke’s area—plays role in understanding and meaningful speech

33. Aphasias
Broca’s Aphasia – Damage to Broca’s Area causes a person to struggle formulating words while still being able to comprehend speech.
Wernicke’s Aphasia – Damage to Wernicke’s Area would cause a person only to be able to speak in meaningless words.
Example of Wernicke’s Aphasia: Asked to describe a picture of two boys stealing cookies from behind a woman’s back, a patient responded,
“Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she’s looking the two boys looking the other part. She’s working another time.”

34. Language Areas of the Brain

35. How We Read Out Loud