1. Note
Final Exam-please check final schedule

2. Nutrition 2106-Winter 2019- Principles of Nutrition in Metabolism
Note
Nutrition 2106-Winter Principles of Nutrition in Metabolism
Nutrition 2104-Introduction to Nutrition-Fall 2018
Nutrition Introduction to Sports Nutrition-Winter 2019

3. Elementary Chemistry and Biology of Nutrition
Lecture March 2018
Elementary Chemistry and Biology of Nutrition

4. Introduction
Nutrition can completely prevent or completely cure, partially prevent or partially cure disease

5. Completely prevent
Example-Diseases arising from nutritional deficiency eg blindness and vitamin A
Same could be said for toxicity- never take toxic amounts of a nutrient
eg calories from any source re: obesity

6. Completely cure
Example-Diseases arising from nutritional deficiency eg blindness and vitamin A deficiency
Same could be said for for toxicity- eliminate consumption of toxic amounts of a nutrient- eg iron

7. Partially prevent
Example-atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer
-partially because of genetic factors

8. Partially cure
Example-atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes
-partially because of genetic factors

9. Atherosclerosis
Pathology
Plugging of arterial wall with cholesterol and platelets

10. Atherosclerosis
Pathology
Lipoproteins
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
-pulls cholesterol out of arterial wall
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
-pumps cholesterol into arterial wall
most of cholesterol in the blood is on LDL
this is why increased levels of cholesterol in the blood are a concern- ie as blood cholesterol goes up so does LDLc

11. Atherosclerosis
Pathology
triglycerides are also a concern
as blood triglyceride increases, HDLc goes down and LDL becomes more aggressive in putting cholesterol into the arterial wall
so there is a constant competition between HDL and LDL to control levels of cholesterol in the arterial wall

12. Atherosclerosis
Pathology
Platelets
Cells in blood that are part of the clotting process
As blood cholesterol goes up platelets become more active ie stick together more easily
This platelet stickiness causes plugged arteries

13. Atherosclerosis-Nutritionally
Can slow or partially reverse atherosclerotic process
Diet
-eating in accordance with Canada’s Food Guide
-keep fat calories percentage of total calories to equal to or less than 30 % and saturated fats calories to equal to or less than 10 % of total calories
These dietary measures keeps a good ratio between HDL and LDL and cholesterol and keeps triglycerides and platelet function at normal levels

14. Atherosclerosis
Nutritionally
Functional foods – eg fish and flax- these keep a good ratio between HDL and LDL and keep cholesterol and triglycerides and platelet function at normal levels
Nutraceuticals- eg flax oil and fish oil- these keep a good ratio between HDL and LDL and keep cholesterol and triglycerides and platelet function at normal levels

15. Type 2 diabetes
 Pathology
Metabolic syndrome-precursor to type diabetes
Obesity- body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) equal to or greater than 30
Increased blood pressure (>140/90)
Dyslipidemia- low HDLc, increased triglycerides, aggressive LDL
Increasing platelet clumping

16. Metabolic syndrome continued
Type 2 diabetes
Pathology
Metabolic syndrome continued
Decreased insulin sensitivity-may result from trouble with the interaction between the insulin and its receptors on the cells obtaining glucose via the action of insulin and/or decreased insulin sensitivity can result from inefficient intracellular signalling arising after the binding of insulin to its receptor- this inefficient intracellular signalling can also result in decreased glucose uptake into the cells obtaining glucose via the action of insulin

17. Type 2 diabetes
Pathology
Reduced insulin sensitivity is the starting point for type 2 diabetes
All of the features listed for metabolic syndrome can be part of post-onset type 2 diabetes  

18. Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 diabetes
Nutritionally-pre- and post-onset
Diet-Follow that stated above in terms of diet for atherosclerosis
Additionally this controls weight, blood pressure, plasma lipid levels, platelet aggregation levels and increases insulin sensitivity

19. Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
Functional foods-pre- and post-onset
Canola and fish
Can partially alleviate
Leading edge research- flax seed

20. Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 diabetes
Nutraceuticals
Canola oil, fish oil