1. Section 1: Reform in the British Empire
Review of the British Government
Constitutional Monarchy
King or Queen, head of state (official leader)
Parliament had the real power
Voting rights
Men: only those who owned a substantial amount of land could vote
Women: no vote
In total, barely 5% of the people could vote for parliament.

2. Section 1: Reform in the British Empire
Queen Victoria
Born in 1819
Becomes Queen in 1837, at the age of 18
Married Prince Albert of Germany in 1840, they had nine children.
The Royal couple presented a picture of loving family life that became the British ideal.
Queen Victoria was very popular, and reigned until 1901, and her rule is known as “The Victorian Era.”

3. Section 1: Reform in the British Empire
Reform Bill of 1832
Lessened property requirements, allowing the upper middle class to vote. Increased population that voted to 7%
Chartist Movement
The People’s Charter of Wanted new reforms
Voting for all men
Annual parliamentary elections
Secret Ballot
No property requirements for Members of Parliament
Salaries for Members of Parliament
Parliament rejects request, BUT…
In 1867 and 1884, laws are passed that expands the vote to a majority of men

4. Section 1: Reform in the British Empire
Women’s Rights Movement
Early protests were peaceful
Resistance argued that women lacked the ability to take part in politics
Emmeline Pankhurst: Women’s Social & Political Union
Goal was to draw attention to women’s suffrage
Pankhurst and her daughters protested, and would be arrested several times.
The Right to Vote would be given after World War I in both Britain and America

5. Section 1: Democracy in France
The Third Republic
Unstable, between , there was a change in power nearly every year
New constitution approved in 1875
The Dreyfus Affair
Groups in France wanted either a monarchy or military rule
Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a rare Jewish officer in the military, was accused of selling secrets to Germany, sentenced to life in prison based on false evidence
Became an issue between justice and honor for the army
Highlight the issue of anti-Semitism, or prejudice against Jews
Zionism
Movement to create a separate Jewish homeland in Palestine (modern day Israel)

6. Section 2: Self-Rule for British Holdings
Between 1850 and 1950 several parts of the British Empire become independent
Canada 1871
Australia 1901
New Zealand 1907
Ireland 1949

7. Section 3: America Expands West
Manifest Destiny: the idea that the United States had the right to rule North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Used to justify removing Native Americans from their tribal Lands
Trail of Tears, 1830s
American Expansion Westward:
1803: Louisiana Purchase
1819: Spain gives up Florida
1846: Treaty with Britain gives America part of the Oregon Territory

8. Section 3: America Expands West
Texas Revolution and War with Mexico
Texan settlers declare independence from Mexican rule in 1836
In a treaty, Texas is annexed as a state into the United States in 1845
Mexico still claims Texas, and declares war in 1846.
Mexico is defeated in 1848, and gives up much of it’s northern territory, including present day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico
1853 Gadsden Purchase (part of present day Southern Arizona and New Mexico) brought the continental United States to it’s modern day boundaries.

9. Section 3: The American Civil War
Differences between North and South
The North had a diverse economy, with both farms and a growing number of factories, and used free workers for labor
The South relied on a plantation economy, mainly relying on one type of crop (cotton), and used slaves for labor.
Slavery Issue
Most Southerners believed slavery was necessary for their economy
A growing number of Northerners believed slavery was morally wrong, and slavery was outlawed in the North.
Fought over the expansion of slavery to the western states.

10. Section 3: The American Civil War
War Breaks out between the States
Election of 1860: Abraham Lincoln
Secession: Southern states voting to withdraw, or leave, the Union. First state to secede is South Carolina in December of 1860
War Starts on April 12, 1861
Southern advantages: better military leadership, better knowledge of the terrain (war primarily fought in the south)
Northern advantages: larger population, better transportation, greater resources, more factories
South surrenders in 1865
Abolition of Slavery
Emancipation Proclamation – 1863
13th, 14th and 15th Amendments

11. Section 3: America after the Civil War
Immigration
During the 1870s, nearly 2,000 immigrants arrived each day
By 1914, 20 million people had immigrated to the U.S. since the Civil War
Allowed for increased industrialization, and westward settlement
Railroads
First transcontinental railroad completed in 1869
By 1900, there were 200,000 miles of track crossing the country
By 1914, America was a leading industrial power

12. Section 4: Inventions, Medicine and Science
New Inventions
New types of Energy: Electricity and Internal Combustion
Thomas Edison: 1,000 inventions, including light bulb, the phonograph, “moving pictures.”
Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone
Guglielmo Marconi: Radio
Henry Ford: Model-T and the assembly line
The Wright Brothers: First Flight of an Airplane

13. Section 4: Inventions, Medicine and Science
New Discoveries in Medicine
The Germ Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur: discovers bacteria, creates method called “pasteurization” (heating things up to kill bacteria)
Joseph Lister: 1865, clean surgery room and use of antiseptics (germ killing liquids)
Public cleanliness & health

14. Section 4: Inventions, Medicine and Science
New Discoveries in Science
Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution
On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
Gregor Mendel: Genetics
Inherited traits in plants
John Dalton: Atom Theory
Dmitri Mendeleev: Periodic Table
Marie & Pierre Curie
Radioactivity
Psychology
Ivan Pavlov: human actions could be changed by training
Sigmund Freud: suppressed memories, desires and impulses shape behavior

15. Section 4: The Rise of Mass Culture
What creates Mass Culture?
Better public education
Improvement in communications
Invention of phonograph and records
Shorter workday (10 hours) and shorter workweek (5 ½ days)
Music Halls and Vaudeville Shows
Movies
Sports
US: Football and Baseball
Europe: Soccer
British Empire: Cricket
Olympics, 1896