1. The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 19 – Section 1

2. Industrialization – Beginnings and Causes
1780s in Great Britain, but took several decades to spread to Europe & N. America
There are 5 main causes for the start of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

3. Causes of Industrialization in UK
Increased food supply due to agricultural practices
More farmland, good weather, transportation, and new crops
More food, lower cost, lower labor
Money can be spent on manufactured goods

4. Causes of Industrialization in UK
Population growth
More food = more people
More people = larger labor force
Larger labor force = more people to work in factories

5. Causes of Industrialization in UK
Money
Easy access to cash to invest
Capital – money available for investment
Money spent on industrial machines and factories
Entrepreneurs – a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits

6. Social Impact - Middle Class
Industrial capitalism – economic system based on industrial production (manufacturing)
Industrial middle class made up of factory owners & builders, as well as other business professionals

7. Causes of Industrialization in UK
Natural resources
Plentiful in UK
Rivers – power sources and transportation
Coal – fuel
Minerals – tin and iron ore for manufacturing

8. Causes of Industrialization in UK
Supply of markets
Markets – regions/countries to sell finished goods
Great Britain had many overseas colonies
Ships could transport goods between UK and colonies
Colonies Great Britain 
raw materials manufactured products 

9. Cotton
Before industrialization, goods were manufactured by cottage industry
Production method where tasks are done by individuals in their homes
Example: spin raw cotton into thread, weave thread into cloth on looms
Inventions made cottage industry inefficient
Flying shuttle
Spinning jenny
Water-powered looms
Steam Engine – by James Watt in 1782

10. Coal and Iron Steam engine used coal for fuel
Greater need for coal mining
Better quality iron could be produced
Coke, made from coal, burned away impurities from iron in a process called puddling
Iron was used to build new machines and transportation

11. Railroads More efficient ways of moving goods to market were needed
1804 – first steam-powered locomotive
1830 – first railway line for public transit
1850 – miles of railway track in UK
Effects
New jobs, cheaper transportation, cheaper goods, more factories, more machines, more profit

12. Factories New labor system created
Shift work: machines ran 24/7, workers came to factory work in shifts
Work discipline: most workers were from farms
Farm work = hectic work for months, inactivity for months
Factory laborers worked regular hours & did the same work over and over
Fines for lateness, drunkenness, etc.
Child workers were beaten

13. Social Impact - Working Class
12-16 hour days, 6 days a week, with ½ hour for lunch and dinner
No job security
No minimum wage
Hot, dirty, dangerous, unhealthy work environment
Children favored for mining and factory work b/c of their size
Smaller hands to fix jammed machines
Smaller bodies to fit in mining shafts
Labor Laws eventually passed restricting child labor

14. Social Impact - Working Class
Children’s jobs filled by women
50% British textile workers are women
Unskilled labor
Paid ½ or less of men’s pay
Labor laws passed restricting women’s work
Men – earn most of family income outside home
Women – care for home/family, work low-paying jobs that can be done at home

15. Spread of Industrialization
Mid-nineteenth century – UK was 1st and richest industrialized nation
Industrialization spreads to Belgium, France, and German states
Govts encouraged industrialization
gave money to build roads, canals, and railroads

16. Industrialization in USA
1800
6 of 7 workers are farmers
No cities with 100,000+ people
Pop: 5 million
No steamboats
No railroad track
1860
5 of 10 workers are farmers
9 cities with 100,000+ people
Pop: 30 million
1000+ steamboats for transport along Mississippi River, Great Lakes, Atlantic Ocean
30,000 miles of railroad track

17. Social Impact - Cities
From 1750 to 1850 European pop. almost doubled to 266 million
Decline in death rates from wars, disease
Famine disappeared from W. Europe except for 1840s Irish potato famine
More industrialization = bigger cities
Cities home to factories b/c of steam engine
Rapid growth of cities = horrible living conditions