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Protest and Stagnation: The Western World,

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Presentation on theme: "Protest and Stagnation: The Western World,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Protest and Stagnation: The Western World, 1965-1985
Chapter 29 Protest and Stagnation: The Western World,

2 A Culture of Protest A Revolt in Sexual Mores
The so-called sexual revolution Sex education and gay rights Divorce and the breakdown in the traditional family Youth Protest and Student Revolt New attitudes toward sex and drugs Growing political consciousness Discontent with higher education’s restrictions and quality lead to student revolts, 1968 Deeper concerns with the direction of Western society

3 A Culture of Protest The Feminist Movement Antiwar Protests
Betty Friedan (1921 – 2006) The Feminine Mystique National Organization for Women (NOW), founded 1966 Antiwar Protests Motivation for demonstrations in Italy, France, Britain, and the U.S. Violence dims American willingness to continue war in Vietnam

4 A Divided Western World
Stagnation in the Soviet Union The Brezhnev Years: Leonid Brezhnev (1906 – 1982) Brezhnev Doctrine: right to intervene if socialism threatened Relaxed atmosphere associated with détente Economic policy Decline of overall industrial growth Impact of central economic planning Agricultural problems Bad harvests in mid-1970s Ruling system Unwilling to tamper with the party leadership and state bureaucracy

5 Conformity in Eastern Europe
Poland Continued labor unrest Solidarity and Lech Wałęsa (b. 1943) Hungary Reforms under János Kádár Legalization of small private enterprises The Prague Spring Short-lived reforms under Alexander Dubček (1921 – 1992) Soviet invasion to crush reforms, 1968 Gustáv Husák (1913 – 1991)

6 Repression in East Germany and Romania
East Germany: Faithful Satellite Leadership of Walter Ulbricht Industry nationalized, agriculture collectivized Exodus to the West Erich Honecker Use of the Stasi Stability through prosperity and repression Romania The iron grip of Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu The Securitate: weapon against dissent

7 Western Europe: The Winds of Change
Economic Downturn and Recovery West Germany Chancellor Willy Brandt, Ostpolitik, “opening toward the east” Treaty with East Germany, 1972 Great Britain: Thatcher and Thatcherism Conservative Margaret Thatcher comes to power, 1979 Economic controls: broke the unions; cutbacks Hard line toward communism Rebuilds the military Conflict in the Falkland Islands

8 Western Europe: The Winds of Change
Uncertainties in France François Mitterrand, Liberal policies to address economic crises Reforms for workers, centralization, and nationalization Return to private enterprise in the late 1980s Confusion in Italy Continued coalitions Italian Communist advocacy of Eurocommunism Recession and terrorism in the 1970s Red Brigade The European Community (EC)

9 The United States: Turmoil and Tranquility
Richard Nixon, , and the Shift to the Right Economic Problems Jimmy Carter, Stagflation – high inflation and unemployment Oil embargo, 1973 The hostage crisis in Iran The Reagan Revolution Ronald Reagan, Reverses the welfare state Military buildup “Supply-side economics” and deficit spending

10 Canada Liberals in Power Economic Recession and Political Change
Pierre Trudeau, elected in 1968 Commitment to federal union Official Language Act Unpopularity of efforts to impose will of federal government on provincial governments Economic Recession and Political Change Brian Mulroney, leader of the Progressive Conservative Party, elected in 1984

11 The Cold War: the Move to Détente
The Second Vietnam War U.S. involvement and the domino theory of the spread of communism Persistence of North Vietnamese, brutalization, and growing antiwar sentiment Peace treaty signed January 1973 Reunification of Vietnam China and the Cold War The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Continuing revolution and the Red Guards, U.S.-China Relations Nixon’s visit to China, 1972

12 The Cold War: the Move to Détente
The Practice of Détente Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 1972 Helsinki Agreements, 1975 The Limits of Détente Human rights issues Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979 President Ronald Reagan’s “evil empire” Harsh rhetoric The Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”)

13 Society and Culture in the Western World
The New World of Science and Technology New relationships between theory and practice Impetus: the needs of World War II Consequences: sponsorship of research by government and corporations The computer Revolution by silicon chip and microprocessor New conception of the universe Questions about the nature of reality Dangers of science and technology E.F. Schumacher (1911 – 1977), Small is Beautiful

14 Society and Culture in the Western World
The Environment and the Green Movements Hazards and growing ecological awareness Rise of Green parties Postmodern Thought Structuralism: language and signs Ferdinand de Saussure: signifier and signified Poststructuralism, or deconstruction Jacques Derrida and the creation of meaning Michel Foucault and the nature of power The History of Sexuality

15 Trends in Art, Literature, and Music
Postmodern Styles Art Allen Kaprow’s “happenings” Architecture: mixing tradition and innovation Robert Venturi Charles Moore Piazza d’Italia Literature Gabriel García Márquez and magical realism Milan Kundera Music Serialist composition: Olivier Messiaen Minimalism: Philip Glass

16 Popular Culture: Image and Globalization
Popular music Experimentation in musical forms Video music MTV The Growth of Mass Sports Sport as a global phenomenon Politics and the Olympic Games The World Cup Popular culture: increasingly global Marshall McLuhan (1911 – 1980) and the “global village”

17 Discussion Questions Examine the policies of Brezhnev. Are they old guard communist or a transition between the old Soviet regime and the more modern Soviet state to come? How did Margaret Thatcher shape the position of Great Britain in power structure of world politics? What is détente? How did the policies of Nixon influence relations between the West and the Communist world? How did changes in science and technology impact Western civilization during the 1960s and 1970s? To what degree has popular culture helped to turn the world into a “global village”?

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