1. chapter4. Fuel cell applications

2. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.1 Portable Power Application
4.2 Backup Power Application
4.3 Transportation Application
4.4 Stationary Power Application

3. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.1 Portable Power Application
Table 4-1 Example of Portable Fuel cell

4. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.1 Portable Power Application
Example of Portable Fuel cell

5. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.2 Backup Power Application
Table 4-2 Example of Commercial Backup Power fuel cells

6. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.2 Backup Power Application
4.2.1 Basic electrolyzer calculation
The required electrolyzer power
PFC = Fuel cell nominal power (kW).
τFC,τEL = Duration of operation in the fuel cell and electrolyzer modes, respectively (hours).
CFFC, CFEL = The capacity factors of fuel cell and electrolyzer defined as a ratio between average and nominal power.
ηFC, ηEL = The system efficiency of the fuel cell and the electrolyzer.

7. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.2 Backup Power Application
4.2.1 Basic electrolyzer calculation
The electrolyzer efficiency
Vel_cell = The electrolyzer cell voltage
i el = The electrolyzer current density (Acm-²)
i loss = The current and hydrogen loss (Acm-²)

8. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.2 Backup Power Application
4.2.1 Basic electrolyzer calculation
The electrolyzer system efficiency
ηDC= The efficiency of power conversion (AC/DC or DC/DC).
ζ= The ratio between parasitic power and net power consumed by the electrolyzer.

9. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.2 Backup Power Application
4.2.1 Basic electrolyzer calculation ..
Pbi= The initial H₂ pressure in the bottle
nH2= Moles of hydrogen
mH2= The molecular weight of hydrogen
Z= The compressibility factor of hydrogen
Tb= The bottle temperature
Vb=The bottle volume

10. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
4.3.2 Buses
4.3.3 Utility vehicles
4.3.4 Scooters and bicycles

11. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
A fuel cell is sized to provide all of the power to a vehicle. A battery may be present for startup.
A fuel cell typically supplies a constant amount of power, so for vehicle acceleration and other power spikes, additional devices are typically switched on such as batteries, ultra or supercapacitors, and so on.
Sometimes a fuel cell is used as the secondary power source. A system is set up where batteries power the vehicle, and the fuel cell just recharge the batteries when needed.
A fuel cell can run part or all of the vehicle’s electrical system. Sometimes another engine is used for propulsion.
Characteristics of Fuel Cell for Transportation Application

12. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
Current manufacturing methods for the mass producion of fuel cells are cost prohibitive. New techniques, mass fabrication methods, and materials need to be created to lower the cost of producing fuel cells.
If fuels other than hydrogen are used, CO poisoning of the catalyst may become an issue. The catalyst may need to be replaced or refreshed over time.
The size and weight of the fuel tanks.
A robust, efficient fuel cell system that can withstand long-term frequent use.
Issues in Fuel Cell for Transportation Application

13. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles

14. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
Table 4-3 Fuel cell Vehicles by major Manufacturers (continued)

15. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
Table 4-3 Fuel cell Vehicles by major Manufacturers (continued)

16. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
Table 4-3 Fuel cell Vehicles by major Manufacturers

17. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
LHVfuel=The lower heating value of fuel (kJ/kg)
Ηvehicle_sys=The vehicle efficiency
The efficiency of an automobile engine as specific fuel consumption.

18. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
Fig4-2 Free body diagram of an automobile on an incline.

19. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
mveh= The total mass of the vehicle,
θ= The angle of the slope
aveh= The acceleration of the vehicle
vveh= The velocity of the vehicle
CRR= The coefficient of the tire rolling resistance
ρair= The density of the air
CD= The drag coefficient
AF= The frontal area
Total mechanical power

20. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
fsp_fuel_cons =The specific fuel consumption in gkWh⁻¹
Vspeed=The vehicle speed (ms⁻¹).
The vehicle fuel economy.

21. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
Pauxiliary = The power needed by auxiliary systems.
ηdrivetrain = The efficiency of the electric motor, controller subsystem.
Pparasitics = The parasitic power.
The amount of power output.

22. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.1 Automobiles
ncells = The number of cells in a stack
dcell = The individual cell thickness
including the cooling arrangements (m)
dep = The thickness of the end plates
αact = The ratio of cell active area and bipolar plate area
Vcell = The cell potential at nominal power (V), and
i = The current density at nominal power (Acm⁻²)
The stack specific volume.

23. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.2 Buses

24. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.2 Buses
Table 4-4 Fuel cell buses Demonstrated date (continued)

25. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.2 Buses
Table 4-4 Fuel cell buses Demonstrated date

26. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.3 Utility vehicles
Table 4-5 Utility Vehicles Demonstrated to Date (continued)

27. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.3 Utility vehicles
Table 4-5 Utility Vehicles Demonstrated to Date (continued)

28. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.3 Utility vehicles
Table 4-5 Utility Vehicles Demonstrated to Date (continued)

29. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.3 Utility vehicles
Table 4-5 Utility Vehicles Demonstrated to Date (continued)

30. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.3 Utility vehicles
Table 4-5 Utility Vehicles Demonstrated to Date

31. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.4 Scooters and bicycles
Table 4-6 Scooters and Bicycles Demonstrated to Date (continued)

32. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.4 Scooters and bicycles

33. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.4 Scooters and bicycles
Table 4-6 Scooters and Bicycles Demonstrated to Date (continued)

34. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.4 Scooters and bicycles
Table 4-6 Scooters and Bicycles Demonstrated to Date (continued)

35. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.3 Transportation Application
4.3.4 Scooters and bicycles
Table 4-6 Scooters and Bicycles Demonstrated to Date

36. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Table 4-7 Stationary power system Demonstrated to data (continued)

37. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Table 4-7 Stationary power system Demonstrated to data (continued)

38. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Table 4-7 Stationary power system Demonstrated to data (continued)

39. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Table 4-7 Stationary power system Demonstrated to data (continued)

40. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Table 4-7 Stationary power system Demonstrated to data

41. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Basic stationary fuel cell calculation.
Pnet = The usable power amounts.
Qnet =The usable heat amounts.
ηfuel =The amount of fuel input into the fuel cell system.
The total efficiency of the fuel cell system

42. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Basic stationary fuel cell calculation.
PAC = The usable AC power generated
Paux_equipment = The power required by auxiliary equipment
Pcompressor =The power required by compressor
Ppump =The power required by the pump
Pcontrol =The power required by the control system
The electrical efficiency of the stationary fuel system

43. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Basic stationary fuel cell calculation.
The thermal efficiency of the stationary fuel cell system
The stationary fuel cell system uses a fuel processor, the efficiency of the fuel processor
The DC/AC efficiency of the stationary fuel cell system

44. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Basic stationary fuel cell calculation.
For any auxiliary equipment used, the efficiency
The efficiency of the fuel cell stack

45. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Economics of stationary fuel cell system.
The eqn for simple payback time
Pfc,norm = The fuel cell power system nominal power
Cfc =The specific cost of fuel cell power system per kW of nominal power
AEP=The annual electricity produced by the fuel cell power system
per kW of nominal power
COE=The cost of electricity
ηfc = The average annual efficiency of the fuel cell system,
Cng =The cost of natural gas using the lower heating value of natural gas

46. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Economics of stationary fuel cell system.
The amount of electricity produced (kW)annually (AEP) by a fuel cell system.
Pfc_time =The fuel cell power at a given time.
hyear-operating =The yearly operating hours of fuel cell.
The amount of electricity produced annually (in kW)
CF =The capacity factor

47. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Economics of stationary fuel cell system.
The average annual efficiency
Pfc and ηfc = The fuel cell system power output and system efficiency.

48. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Economics of stationary fuel cell system.
Cf =The fuel cost
Cfix = The costs associated with the fuel cell installation excluding the costs of individual cells, but including the balance of plant and installation costs
Ccell = The cost of each individual cell
Ncell = The number of individual cells
PFC = The power output of the fuel cell in kilowatts
Vcell = The cell nominal voltage
Acell = The cell active area

49. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Economics of stationary fuel cell system.
The capital recovery factor
ir = The annual interest rate (in percent)
L= The lifetime of the individual cells (in years).
The capital recovery cost
Crep= The replacement cost of the fuel cell at end of lifetime

50. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Economics of stationary fuel cell system.
The cost of electricity produced by a fuel cell
Senv =Only used with fuel cell types that use hydrogen from non-fossil fuel based sources as the fuel, and can be defined as follows.
Cp=The environmental damage cost
δ=The ratio of hydrogen utilization efficiency to that of fossil fuels
ε=The ratio of environmental impact of hydrogen utilization to that of fossil fuels

51. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
4.4 Stationary Power Application
Economics of stationary fuel cell system.
The simple payback time
AEPint = The amount of electricity consumed internally (kWyhr⁻¹),
AEPexp = The amount of electricity exported back to the grid (kWyhr⁻¹)
COEexp = The price of electricity exported back to the grid (kWyhr⁻¹).

52. chapter4. Fuel cell applications
Chapter Summary
Certain fuel cell types are better suited for small portable technologies, backup power, automobiles, or stationary power applications.
Fuel cells for each of these applications have been demonstrated, and there are some fuel cells commercially available in these categories.
The fuel cell design parameters such as power output, heat balance, efficiency, size, weight, and fuel supply may be slightly different for each application, and must be customized to suit the required load.